Transcript 38PresidentialandRadicalReconstruction

Presidential and
Radical
Reconstruction
Ten Percent Plan




Lincoln’s 10% Plan offered
amnesty to all but high-ranking
Confederates willing to pledge
loyalty to the Union and accept
the abolition of slavery
When 10 percent of a state's 1860
voters had take this oath, that
state could reapply to the Union.
The Ten Percent Plan was aimed
at subverting the southern war
effort.
In Louisiana, former slave owners
attempted to reassert control over
the newly freed black population
with the aid of occupying forces,
but the freedmen fought back.
Wade-Davis Bill



The Wade-Davis Bill, a substitute for
Lincoln’s plan, called for stern peace
and full rights for freedmen.
The Bill was passed on July 2, 1864 in
Congress, but was effectively vetoed by
Lincoln, who refused to sign the bill
before the Congress adjourned.
The Wade-Davis Bill's conditions for
restoring the rebellious states to the
Union include:



Senator Wade of Ohio
requiring an oath of allegiance by a
majority of each state's adult white male
population,
that the new state governments can only
be operated by those who never carried
arms against the union
the permanent disenfranchisement of all
Confederate civil and military leaders.
African Freedmen's Inquiry
Commission Report



The American Freedmen's
Inquiry Commission was
established during the Civil
War to determine the
condition of freed slaves.
Appointed in March of 1863
by U.S. Secretary of War to
"inquire into the condition of
the Colored population”
The 1864 report outlines the
type or aid the commission
recommends be provided to
freemen.
The Freedmen's Bureau




The Freedmen's Bureau was charged
with distributing confiscated land to
"loyal refugees and freedmen" and
with regulating labor contracts
between freedmen and planters.
The Freedmen's Bureau also worked
with the large number of northern
voluntary associations that sent
missionaries and teachers to the
south to establish schools for former
slaves.
In February of 1866, President
Andrew Johnson vetoed the
Freedmen's Bureau Bill
In July, Congress renewed the
Freedmen's Bureau by overriding the
Presidential veto with a two-thirds
majority in both houses.
Lincoln's Assassination





On April 14, 1865, President Abraham
Lincoln was shot in the head at the
Ford's Theater in Washington by an
actor named John Wilkes Booth.
The President was attending “Our
American Cousin” with his wife, Mary
Todd Lincoln Major Henry R.
Rathbone, and Clara Harris.
The bullet entered through Lincoln's
left ear and lodged behind his right eye.
Lincoln was carried across Tenth Street,
to the Petersen House, a boardinghouse opposite the theater, where he
died very early the next morning.
At roughly the same time Lincoln was
attacked, Lewis Paine, a co-conspirator
of Booth, attacked Lincoln's Secretary
of State, William Henry Seward.
Andrew Johnson's Plan for
Reconstruction




In May of 1865, Johnson launched his
own plan for restoration.
In this plan, he automatically offered
amnesty to all southerners save highranking Confederate officials and
wealthy planters; who could only be
pardoned by presidential order.
Johnson appointed provisional
governors for the confederate states
and required them to revoke the
secession, reject their Confederate
debts, and ratify the Thirteenth
Amendment.
Within months all of the former
Confederacy had met the
requirements and had functioning,
elected governments.
Frederick Douglass' Reconstruction


Frederick Douglass, a freed slave
who became one of the most
influential African Americans in
history and eventually became the
head of the Freedmen's Bureau,
explained reconstruction from the
eyes of a black American.
Frederick Douglass detailed the
miserable conditions of slavery
and how the conditions are not
much better after abolition before
discussing the Reconstruction in
general.
Thirteenth Amendment




proposed 1865; ratified 1865
By 1864 Maryland, Missouri,
Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana
all amended their constitutions to
free their slaves.
Abolitionists feared that the
Emancipation Proclamation would
be invalidated at the end of the war
and that the southern states would
react by reestablishing slavery.
President Lincoln persuaded the
Republican dominate Congress to
prohibit slavery, which they did
when the Thirteenth Amendment to
the Constitution of the United
States was passed on January 31,
1865.
Fourteenth Amendment




proposed 1866; ratified 1868
Congressional Radical Republicans
moved quickly to establish black
civil rights in an amendment to the
Constitution.
The Fourteenth Amendment
became a bundle of civil rights
initiatives.
The soul of the amendment
declared that "all persons born or
naturalized in the United States"
were citizens, that no state could
alter "the privileges or immunities
of citizens" nor could they deprive
"any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of
law."
Fifteenth Amendment



proposed 1869; ratified 1870
The 15th Amendment forbids
both the Federal and State
governments from denying
citizens the right to vote on the
basis of race, color, or "previous
condition of servitude,"
The amendment left the use of
poll taxes and property or literacy
tests to discourage blacks from
voting, but northern states
valued those qualifications for
use against immigrants and
indigents.
Civil Rights Acts



The Civil Rights Act called for
complete equality for African
Americans, which would
essentially undermine the
southern state's Black Codes.
The Act also served to limit
southern representation in
Congress. As was to be
expected, the Act and the
Fourteenth Amendment
received little support from the
southern states and were viewed
as unrealistic and unfair.
In 1870, 1871, and 1875
amendments to the original
Civil Rights Act were made to
further secure and improve the
civil rights of the freed slaves.
Black Codes



Dissatisfied with the new freedoms
enjoyed by African Americans,
several Southern state legislatures
passed their own laws which
served to limit the rights afforded
to African Americans by federal
legislation.
Black Codes were designed to
drive freedmen back to the
plantations, to restrict their
freedom of movement, and to
deny them equality before the law.
They set curfews, required blacks
who lived in town to have white
sponsors, and sharply restricted
their rights of assembly to keep
any political unification from
happening.
Reconstruction Acts


The Reconstruction Act of
1867, enacted in March by the
Republican Congress organized
the South as a conquered land,
dividing it (with the exception
of Tennessee) into five military
districts, each under the
command of a Union general.
The Second Reconstruction
Act of 1867, effectively is an
amendment allowing for more
specific language clearing up
points of confusion in the
earlier Act.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson






Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, was in a
position to hinder Johnson's plans for
Reconstruction.
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act,
essentially prohibiting Johnson from firing
Stanton.
In August 1867, Johnson suspended Stanton
and appointed Ulysses S. Grant to the
position.
When Congress reconvened in the fall, it
overruled Johnson's actions and Stanton was
restored to his position.
In 1868, Johnson fired Stanton outright and
Republican Senators effectively brought 11
articles of impeachment against President
Johnson.
Although acquitted of all charges, Johnson was
ineffective in his plans for Reconstruction and
finished his term quietly.














Multimedia Citations
Slide 2: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/encommons/thumb/8/84/220pxAbraham_Lincoln_half_length_seated,_April_10,_1865.jpg
Slide 3: http://www.impeachandrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKeyIndividuals/BenjaminWadeGammaCrop250.jp
g
Slide 4: http://mac110.assumption.edu/aas/graphics/elephantx.jpg
Slide 5: http://www.binghamton.edu/ctah/johnson/Freedman.jpg
Slide 6: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/civil/jb_civil_lincoln_1_e.jpg
Slide 7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1864/governorandrew-johnson.jpg
Slide 8: http://z.about.com/d/afroamhistory/1/0/7/1/photos_douglass.gif
Slide 9: http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/images/13thamendment-l.jpg
Slide 10: http://www.schoolhousevideo.org/media/MRcartoon.jpg
Slide 11: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/05/0521001r.jpg
Slide 12: http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/fimage/lincolnimages/fof-6.004.jpg
Slide 13:
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDo
cFiles/ChapterImages/Chapter15BlackCodes.JPG
Slide 14: http://www.philaprintshop.com/images/hwreconstruction.jpg
Slide 15: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/TICKET.jpg