Transcript The Civil War Begins

The Civil War Begins
Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede
from the Union, war begins between the North
and South.
NEXT
Videos
• Lincoln:
• http://junior.scholastic.com/issues/01_30_12/V
ideos
Causes of the War:
1. unfair taxation: Northern politicians were
able to pass heavy taxes on imported goods
from Europe so that Southerners would
have to buy goods from the North 2
2. states' rights: The South believed that
individual states had the right to "nullify",
or overturn, any law the Federal
government passed.
3. the slavery issue: Slave Vs. Free States
Start of the Fighting
• April 10, 1861, Confederate forces at Charleston,
South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the
Union fort of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
The Union commander Anderson refused.
• April 12, Confederate troops opened fire on the
fort, which was unable to reply effectively.
• At 2:30 pm, April 13, The Union forces
surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating (leaving) the
fort on the following day.
Results
• The attack of Fort Sumter was the opening battle of
the American Civil War.
• Although there were no casualties during the
bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and
three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon
exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the
evacuation on April 14.
• Result: Confederate victory start of the Civil War
SECTION
2
The Civil War Begins
Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Southern States Take Sides
• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston
falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky,
Missouri remain
in Union
Continued . . .
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North vs. South
• North:
• Higher Population
• Greater network of
roads, RAILROAD
track
• More industry, factories
• South:
• Strong military leaders,
well-trained
• Farmers, food
• Fought mostly on home
soil, knew the area
Strengths and Strategies
• Northern (Union) strengths: more people, factories,
food production
• Southern (Confederacy) strengths: cotton, good
generals, motivated soldiers
Knowledge check #1
• Which was the best advantage the North had
over the South? Why?
• Which was the best advantage the South had
over the North? Why?
• Which side has the better chance of winning?
Why?
Union and Confederacy
Union’s (North) Plan for Victory
• 3 part plan
– Navy Blockade of Southern Ports
– Control the Mississippi River (Split
the Confederacy in two)
– Capture the Confederate Capital
(Richmond, VA)
The Anaconda Plan
• Nickname for the Union’s Strategy to
Strangle the Confederacy
• Like an anaconda snake strangles its
victims
Confederacy's Plan for Victory
•
•
•
•
Mostly defensive plan
Attack the North if they could
Capture Washington DC
Find help from Europe
• England decides to stay out of the conflict
SECTION
2
Bull Run
•
Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall
Jackson for firm stand in battle
Continued . . .
NEXT
Battle of Bull Run
People picnicking at the Battle of Bull
Run (left)
Graves at the site of the battle (below)
Knowledge Check #2
1. What was effective about the Union’s
(North) plan for victory? Why?
2. What do you think would be effective about
the Confederate’s (South) plan for victory?
Why?
Essay Question
3. Explain the parts of either the Union and
the Confederate war strategies. Which
strategy, in your opinion, is the better
approach to winning the Civil War?
1 paragraph
Generals
• Union (North):
– George B. Mclellan
– Wanted to capture Richmond (Peninsular
Campaign)
*Confederacy (South)
- Robert E. Lee
- West Point Graduate
Battle
Date
Location
Summary
of Events
Who
Won
Battle
Battle of
Bull Run
Date
Location
July 21, Virginia
1861
Summary
of Events
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Battle
Date
Location
Summary
of Events
Battle of
Bull Run
July 21, Virginia
1861
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Antietam
Sep. 17, Maryland
1862
No Clear
Winner
Battle
Date
Battle of July 21,
Bull Run 1861
Location
Virginia
Summary
of Events
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Antietam Sep. 17, Maryland
1862
No Clear
Winner
Frederick Dec. 11- Virginia
sburg
15, 1862
Southern
Victory
Battle
Date
Battle of July 21,
Bull Run 1861
Location
Virginia
Summary
of Events
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Antietam Sep. 17, Maryland
1862
No Clear
Winner
Frederick Dec. 11- Virginia
sburg
15, 1862
Southern
Victory
Chancell April 30- Virginia
orsville May 6,
1863
Southern
Victory
Battle
Date
Battle of July 21,
Bull Run 1861
Location
Virginia
Summary
of Events
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Antietam Sep. 17, Maryland
1862
No Clear
Winner
Frederick Dec. 11- Virginia
sburg
15, 1862
Southern
Victory
Chancell April 30- Virginia
orsville May 6,
1863
Shiloh
April 6Tennessee
7,1862
Southern
Victory
Northern
Victory
Battle
Date
Battle of July 21,
Bull Run 1861
Location
Virginia
Summary
of Events
1st Battle
War will be
long
Who
Won
Southern
Victory
Antietam Sep. 17, Maryland
1862
23,000
Bloodiest
Frederick Dec. 11- Virginia
sburg
15, 1862
One-sided Southern
battle
Victory
Shiloh
Tennessee
Western
battle
Northern
Victory
Virginia
Stonewall
Jackson
dead
Southern
Victory
April 67,1862
Chancell April 30orsville May 6,
1863
No Clear
Winner
Essay Question
Explain the parts of either the Union and the
Confederate war strategies. Which strategy,
in your opinion, is the better approach to
winning the Civil War?
1 paragraph
• Ulysses S. Grant, replaces McClellan as
commander of Union forces
• West focused on taking control of Mississippi
River to cut off eastern part of Confederacy from
west
• Grant captures forts, wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the
Confederacy’s busiest port
Ironclads: A Revolution in Warfare
• Ironclads= ships made with iron (instead
of wood) splinter wooden ships,
withstand cannon, resist burning
• Monitor (Union)
• Virginia (Confederacy)
• Monitor successfully helped blockade
Confederate ports
The War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee takes command of
Confederate Army in 1862:
- drives General George McClellan from
Richmond
- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day
battle
• -McClellan removed from command, lets
defeated Confederates withdraw
• Important Union victory
NEXT
Knowledge Check #3
1. How did technology affect military strategy
during the war? (p. 343)
2. What did the outcomes of the early battles
show about the future course of the war?
(Bull Run and Shiloh)
Section 2: Politics of War
Britain Pursues Its Own Interests
• Britain has cotton inventory, new sources;
does not need South
• Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses
neutrality
Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
• Federal government has no power to abolish
slavery where it already exists
• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who
labor for Confederacy
• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting
the South
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipate= to free
- Emancipation Proclamation- ordered to
free slaves in Confederate (Southern) states
- Wanted to also weaken the South (more
freed slaves would fight with the North)
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise
no longer possible
NEXT
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation—issued by
Lincoln in 1863:
- frees slaves behind Confederate lines (did
not immediately free any slaves)
- does not apply to areas occupied by Union or
slave states in Union
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUVkXth
Lz4w
Reactions
• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war
high moral purpose
• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against
slavery
• Confederacy becomes more determined to
preserve way of life
• Compromise no longer possible; one side
must defeat the other
Knowledge Check #4
1. What was the purpose behind the
Emancipation Proclamation?
2. How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the course of the war?
3. Compare the reactions to the Proclamation
from the North and South. Explain what each
side’s reaction was and why they were
different. (p. 348)
Disagreement from both sides
•Neither side completely unified; both sides face
divided loyalties
•Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
- order to bring accused to court, name charges
•Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating
peace—among arrested
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Many casualties (deaths)
- People desert (quit army), lead to conscription on both
sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;
leads to draft riots
- People could pay $300 to get out, most couldn’t afford it
- Many protested the draft
Continued . . .
NEXT
"Once let the black man get upon his
person the brass letters, U.S., let him
get an eagle on his button, and a
musket on his shoulder and bullets in
his pockets, and there is no power on
earth which can deny that he has
earned the right to citizenship in the
United States." - - Frederick Douglass
These words spoken by Frederick Douglass
moved many African Americans to enlist in the
Union Army and fight for their freedom.
Section 3: Life during Wartime
• July 17, 1862, Congress passed two acts
allowing the enlistment of African Americans
• Official enrollment occurred only after the
Emancipation Proclamation
- White soldiers and officers believed that
black men lacked the courage to fight and
fight well.
• August, 1863, 14 African-American
Regiments were in the field and ready for
service.
African American soldiers
• Approximately 180,000 African Americans
comprising 163 units served in the Union
Army during the Civil War
• (10% of the Union Army)
• Many more African Americans served in the
Union Navy.
• Both free African-Americans and runaway
slaves joined the fight.
• Paid less than white soldiers
54th Massachusetts
- Assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, by the
54th Massachusetts
• July 18, 1863. The 54th volunteered to lead the
assault on the strongly-fortified Confederate
positions
•Soldiers of the 54th scaled the fort's walls, and
were only driven back after brutal hand-to-hand
combat.
Glory scene:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7qwqVbZSqE
Think: How would African American soldiers be
discriminated against?
Answer in your
outlines!!
What does espionage mean?
Big Questions
• Did women have a role
during the American
Civil War?
• What jobs did women
on both the Union and
Confederacy do?
Gone with the Wind
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBAmLm_jYyY
Women during the Civil War
•
•
•
•
Worked as nurses on the battlefield
Worked in factories up North
Worked on farms in the South
Worked as spies for both sides
Women Work to Improve Conditions
• Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sides
• “Angel of the battlefield”
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds
American Red Cross
NEXT
• Both the Union and Confederate armies
forbade the enlistment of women.
• Women soldiers of the Civil War therefore
assumed masculine names, disguised
themselves as men, and hid the fact they were
female.
• Because they passed as men, it is impossible to
know with any certainty how many women
soldiers served in the Civil War.
• Estimates place as many as 250 women in the
ranks of the Confederate army
Rose O'Neal
Greenhow
Confederate Spy
Knowledge Check #5
1. How did African Americans contribute to the
struggle to end slavery?
2. How were women affected by the war? (p.
354)
The War Affects Regional Economies
• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation
• Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry
• North’s standard of living declines
• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,
poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of
malnutrition, disease
http://www.history.com/videos/civil-war-weapons-whose-were-better#civil-warweapons-whose-were-better
Civil War Prison Camps
An estimated 56,000 men died in Civil War
prisons
 The high mortality rate was not deliberate,
but the result of ignorance of nutrition and
proper sanitation on both sides of the
conflict

Famous Camps
The Union's Fort Delaware was dubbed
"The Fort Delaware Death Pen,"
 The South's infamous Camp Sumter, or
Andersonville prison, claimed the lives of
29 percent of its inmates.

Life in a Civil War Prison Camp





Prison diets consisted of pickled beef, salt pork,
corn meal, rice, or bean soup.
The lack of fruits or vegetables often led to
outbreaks of scurvy and other diseases.
In many northern prisons, hungry inmates
hunted rats, sometimes making a sport of it.
Starvation and poor sanitation inflamed
outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, typhoid,
dysentery, cholera, and malaria.
Sores, left untreated, led to gangrene—a disease
curable only by amputation. Of all these
diseases, perhaps the most dangerous was
depression
Big Questions
1.
2.
3.
What does “POW” stand for?
Which side the Union or the Confederacy
had POW camps?
Name one of the two POW camps from
the Civil War and explain what killed
imprisoned soldiers inside its
walls/fences.
Andersonville
Andersonville, by far the most notorious Civil
War prison
 Held nearly 33,000 men at its peak—one of the
largest "cities" of the Confederacy.
 Inmates crowded into 26.5 acres of muddy land

Lacking sewer or sanitation facilities, camp
inmates turned "Stockade Creek" into a massive,
disease-ridden latrine.
 Summer rainstorms would flood the open sewer,
spreading filth.
 The prison's oppressive conditions claimed
13,000 lives by the war's end.

As for myself, I never felt
so utterly depressed,
cursed, and God-forsaken
in all my life before. All my
former experiences in
battles, on marches, and
at my capture were not a
drop in the bucket as
compared with this.--Walter
E. Smith, Pvt., Co. K, 14th
Illinois Infantry
Big Questions
1.
2.
3.
What does “POW” stand for?
Which side the Union or the Confederacy
had POW camps?
Name one of the two POW camps from
the Civil War and explain what killed
imprisoned soldiers inside its
walls/fences.
Section 4: The North Takes Charge
Southern Victories
• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May
1863, Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
• North wins decisive three-day battle of
Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%;
South demoralized- unable to invade
North again
Continued . . .
NEXT
Gettysburg Address
• http://my.hrw.com/SocialStudies/ss_2010/stud
ent/hs_american_survey/bookpages/library/vid
eos/video.html?shortvid=722240932001&long
vid=722240932001_long&title=Gettysburg
Address
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdY7SserMQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2aS3rjDBw- Saving Lincoln
Gettysburg Address: Speech
1. Take notes as you listen to the speech. Write down
the 2-3 most important lines that stand out to you.
2. Rephrase them in your own words.
Answer the following:
3. What was Lincoln trying to say in his speech? What
was his main idea?
4. Why do you think the Gettysburg Address is
sometimes referred to as one of the most famous
speeches in American history?
Pickett’s charge
• Led by Union General George Picket
• Helped Union win battle
• Marched up hill to push back Confederate
soldiers
Map:
• http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0554003333
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZj48Ys25U
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZhl6QswlsQ
Pickett’s Charge
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZj48Ys
25U
Siege of Vicksburg
• Map p. 361
• Grant (Union general) wanted to cut off city and
Mississippi River
• Starving Confederates surrender (Union victory)
• Why was this an important victory? (p. 360-361)
The Gettysburg Address
•Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
at cemetery dedication
• Lincoln praised bravery of Union soldiers during
Civil War
Total War
• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
Armies (1864), who puts William T. Sherman in
charge of Mississippi
• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while
Sherman raids Georgia
• Destroying/setting fire to all homes, farms,
buildings in their path
• Meant to hurt South’s economy and resources
continued The
Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March
• Spring 1864, March from Atlanta to Savannah
• Destroyed 60 miles of railroads, farms,
livestock, homes, freeing any slaves
• Led to much anger and resentment by the
South
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by
Sherman’s victories
NEXT
The Surrender at Appomatox
• Lee realized he was trapped by Union army
• Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomatox Courthouse, VA
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance
collapses
Knowledge Check #7
1. Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a disaster
for the South? (also see p. 360)
2. What was Sherman’s goal in Georgia?
3. Critical thinking (1 paragraph):
Do you think the ends-defeating the
Confederacy- justified the means, causing
harm to civilians(total war)?
SECTION
5
The Legacy of War
Political and Economic Changes
• Slavery ends
• South’s resources and economy
destroyed
• Civil War increases power, authority of
federal government
NEXT
Economic Changes
• National Bank Act of 1863—federal system
of chartered banks
• Gap between North and South widens:
- North: industry booms; commercial
agriculture takes hold
- South: industry, farms destroyed
Cost of War
Human Cost of the War
• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate
soldiers die
• War cost federal government 3.3 billion dollars
The Americans
Chapter 11
The War Changes Lives
New Birth of Freedom
• 1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolishes
slavery in all states
Civilians Follow New Paths
• Some soldiers stay in army; others become civilians;
many go west
• Clara Barton helps found American Red Cross in
1881
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
Flip book= 30 points
• You will create a flip book (see example) describing
the effects of the Civil War.
• You must include a description and image for each.
• You must include any three of the following (pp. 366371 in text).
– Expansion of the federal government
– New, deadly technology
– Creation of the Red Cross
– Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment
– Economic ruin of the South
The Americans
Chapter 11
Think- Pair- Share:
What do you think was the greatest, lasting
impact of the war? Why?
-Supreme national authority/ expansion
of government
-13th Amendment freeing slaves
-New, deadly Technology
-Red Cross
-Economic ruin of the South
Previous
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Next
SECTION
5
The War Changes Lives
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s
Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth
escapes, trapped by Union cavalry,
shot
• 7 million people pay respects to
Lincoln’s
funeral train
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB
LsOQPu23U&index=9&list=PLBCEE33
4DF91F7DD1
NEXT
Video and Reflection
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEkuzfTz
h08
• Start at 40:16
• Lincoln’s assassination
• After the video, please complete the reflection
sheet and turn in!
Knowledge Check #8
1. What were the war’s effects on the following:
(list at least one for each)- Refer to pp. 368- 371.
–
–
–
–
PoliticalEconomicTechnologicalSocial-
2. Predicting: Make up three questions you have
about the African Americans after the war.
What were the political, social, economic, and
technological consequences of the Civil War?
Political
Social
Economic
Technological