Transcript civil war 1 - AP United States History

Fredericksburg
December 13, 1862
• After ANTIETAM, the SOUTH WINS
two major victories in Virginia
under Generals Lee & Jackson
• Fredericksburg - December 1862.
• Union General Burnside led a
march on Richmond - was delayed
for more than 2 weeks due to late
supplies.
• General Lee positioned his army,
deploying snipers to easily pick off
Federal troops.
• Many Union soldiers were left in
the open after crossing military
pontoon bridges, becoming easy
prey for Confederate troops.
• Burnside had no choice but to
order a retreat with the remnants
of his army – fired by Lincoln.
CHANCELLORSVILLE
May, 1863
• North’s Gen. Hooker lost 17,000 men to an army
half his size (Hooker fired)
• South’s Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed at this
battle
• Lee is encouraged to try invading the North again
The Road to Gettysburg:
1863
GETTYSBURG
July 1-3, 1863
 South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76,000
 North - General Meade – 92,000 men
 South takes town & force North to high ground
South spends next 2 days trying to take the position
NORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses
South lost 10,000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone
South - 28,000 lost; North – 23,000 lost
TURNING POINT - loss from which the South could
never recover
Lee’s 2nd & final invasion of the North
 Lee retreated on July 4, 1863
 Again, Meade doesn’t pursue – 2 more years of war
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg Casualties
Clara Barton & the Red
Cross
• Clara Barton's civil war work began
in April 1861. After the Battle of
Bull Run, she worked to obtain and
distribute supplies to wounded
soldiers and had special permission
to travel freely behind the lines and
put herself in danger.
• Common sense practices: triage,
clean bandages, everyone trained in
basic first aid.
• 20,000 women become nurses
• After the war she founded the Red
Cross in 1861, to provide
emergency relief in disasters and
times of war.
• She served as director until her
death
The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
The speech contains
only 272 words, but is
considered by most
historians to be one of
the greatest speeches
in American History.
VICKSBURG - May 2-July 4, 1863
• Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the
North
• North is seeking full control
of the Miss. River & Grant
had made 5 attempts to
capture Vicksburg
• Grant surrounds the city &
bombards them for more
than 6 weeks -- starves
them out
• NORTH WINS & now has
total control of the MS River
& has cut the S in two -- cut
off from TX & AR, its major
food source
THE CIVIL WAR ON THE
HOMEFRONT
Economies
CONFEDERATES
• Inflation; high prices
• Collapse of South’s
transportation
• Little industry
• Many food shortages –
led to food riots
• Southern morale down
UNION
• Booming economy
• Growing industry –
troops well supplied
• Many women workers
– Invention of sewing
machine
• Agricultural technology
Life of a Soldier
• Romantic notion war was great,
shattered by large casualties at
battles
• Many were ill-equipped and
homesick
• Lack of food - staples were
beans, salted pork & hard tack
• Soldiers often seized food along
the way
• Confederates had even less
often lacked basics such as
boots
• Many deserted and went home
Civil War
Amputation Kit
A good surgeon took ~10 minutes to amputate a leg.
By the end of the Civil War, there
was over 60,000 amputations
performed
Battlefield medicine did grow
becoming very important.
-later part of the war
bromine is used as an
antiseptic and gangrene is
rare
-3/4 of amputee patients
survive
NORTH AND SOUTH ADOPT
CONSCRIPTION
• Because of the enormous loss
of lives on both sides, the
Union and the Confederacy
were forced to adopt
“conscription”
– A military draft
• Confederacy drafted all ablebodied men ages 17-50
• Union drafted all able-bodied
men ages 20-45
– Any person in the Union
could buy their way out of
being drafted for $300
NEW YORK DRAFT RIOTS!!
• New York had thousands of
immigrants living in the city
who had no ties to either side
of the fighting
• July 13-16, 1863 – mostly
Irish immigrants took to the
streets in protest against the
draft
• They burned government
buildings, newspaper offices
and homes of rich citizens
• By the end of the day on July
16, New York City lay in
ruins
CHATTANOOGA
•
•
•
•
•
•
November 1863
Chattanooga, TN -- a major rail center
Grant & Rosecrans for the N
Bragg for S
N drives S out of TN and back to GA
Only 4 states left to conquer : GA, SC,
NC & VA
• Grant becomes Supreme Commander –
goes to VA to crush Lee
• ENTER SHERMAN for GA & Carolinas!
 Union troops in Jacksonville & head west
 5500 men & 16 cannons
 Confederates draw Union forces to Olustee
 Swamp on one side, lake on the other, narrow
passageway in between
 Union forces withdraw
 Sent 54th Massachusetts & Montgomery’s Brigade out
to cover the retreat
 Casualties: Confederates: 946; Union: 1,861
 Union forces in Jacksonville until end of
war….but never ventured out in significant
force again
Battles of Wilderness,
Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
• Grant head commander of Union forces by 1864
– No turning back!
• Battles in May 1864 in VA between Grant & Lee
• Wilderness
– firing so heavy woods catch on fire; many burn alive
– Longstreet killed here by “friendly fire”
• Catastrophic Union losses at Wilderness but Grant kept going
after Lee despite them; much criticism from N
• Cold Harbor - 7,000 Union dead in 20 minutes!
– Total losses from both sides of 15,500 (N-13,000 / S-2,500)
– Union soldiers pinned their names on their uniforms so….
– Grant considers this battle his greatest mistake
• Grant hasn’t defeated Lee so … by June 1864, puts Richmond
under siege.
Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman moves
south from TN
• Captured Atlanta by
Sept. 1864;
occupied it until
Nov. & then burned
it down
• Major effect:
– This victory
helped Lincoln
win reelection in
November 1864
Sherman’s
March to the Sea
• Vowed to “make GA howl”
• Cut a 60-mile wide, 300 mile long path of
destruction from Atlanta to Savannah – TOTAL
WAR!
• Took Savannah in Dec. 1864
• Sherman offers Savannah to Lincoln as a
Christmas present
• Sherman now heads through SC & NC to meet
up with Grant in VA and continues his path of
total destruction
Sherman’s Neckties
As the Union
army moved
through the
South, they
would destroy
train tracks by
heating up the
rails and
bending them
into a bow which
became known
as “Sherman’s
Neckties”
THE SURRENDER
• April 9, 1865
• Appomattox Court House, VA
• Generous surrender terms:
– Men could go home if they promised to quit fighting
– Officers could keep their pistols
– Soldiers could keep their horses
• Very somber, formal, dignified
• All other S generals had surrendered by June
Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
President Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated at the end of the Civil
War. He was killed on April 14,
1865 while attending a play at
Ford’s Theatre with his wife and
two other people. He was watching
the play Our American Cousin
when he was shot in the back of
the head by John Wilkes Booth.
Booth was loyal to the Confederacy
and felt that they could rise again
if Lincoln was dead. Booth jumped
out of the balcony and broke his
ankle, but managed to get away.
Lincoln died the next morning due
to his fatal wound.
The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators
The conspirators in the assassination of
President Lincoln were Mary Surratt,
Lewis Powell, David Herold, George
Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel
Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel
Mudd. The eight people were tried in a
military tribunal court because the
government felt that the nature of the
case required the use of this court. A
majority vote would result in a guilty
verdict, while a two-thirds majority
would be a death sentence. All eight
were found guilty, with Surratt, Powell,
Herold, and Atzerdot all being sentenced
to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in
prison, while the last three were
pardoned by President Andrew Johnson.
ANDERSONVILLE
Original Andersonville Plan
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had over 32,000 at one time.
Capt. Henry Wirz
• Executed for conspiracy/murder in his
command of Andersonville
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Legacy of the War
The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history. It has been
referred to as “The War Between the States”, “The Brother’s War” and
the “War of Northern Aggression”. More than 600,000 Americans lost
their lives with countless others severely wounded. The results of this
struggle would be the 13th , 14th and 15th Amendments to the U.S.
Constitution which outlawed slavery, made African Americans U.S.
citizens and granted African American males the right to vote. While
African Americans would be forced to wait nearly a hundred more years
for equal treatment under the law, the Civil War settled once and for all
the question of slavery and the supremacy of the Federal government.