Transcript The Civil War (1861

The Civil War (1861-1865)
Chapter 11
Opposing Sides
Section 1
Choosing Sides
• Robert E. Lee joined the Confederacy
– “I cannot raise my hand against my birthplace,
my home, my children.”
– 313 officers joined the Confederates
• 1860 – 8 military colleges in U.S.
– 1 in North; 7 in South
– North had a strong naval tradition
Advantages & Disadvantages
• 1860 Population – North 22 million; South 9
million total (3 million enslaved)
• North – major area of industry—economic
advantage
– 80% of factories in North – produced 90% of
clothing, boots & shoes – 93% of pig iron –
weapons & equipment
– South only had a factory able to produce cannons
• Set up armories & factories – Augusta – gunpowder
• By 1862, producing enough gunpowder, weapons, &
ammunition
Financing the War
• North had economic advantages
– Union controlled Treasury & had revenue from
tariffs
– Many people withdrew silver & gold from banks
• Banks could not buy government bonds so they could
not pay suppliers or soldiers
• Legal Tender Act – created greenbacks
• South raised $ by taxing trade
– Union blockaded the South & South had to tax its
own people
Party Politics in the North
• Republicans – abolitionists – Lincoln wanted
to preserve the Union even if it meant to
allow slavery to continue.
• Northerners divided
• War Democrats – conflict; see Union as it was
before the Civil War
– Opposed ending slavery
• Peace Democrats – reuniting the states
through negotiation rather than force
– Opposed war
Party Politics in the North
• Conscription – forced military service
• Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus
– Right to not be imprisoned unless charged with a
crime & given a trial
• Weak Southern Government
– Confederate Constitution – states’ rights & limited
the central government’s power
• Interfered with Davis’s (president) ability to conduct
the war
• Alexander Stephens – Vice President
Diplomatic Challenge
• Did not want European governments involved
– Union did not want Europeans to recognize
Confederates as independent
– Respect blockade of South
• Confederates wanted the British to recognize
the CSA, declare Union blockade illegal, and
use British navy to assist that South in the
war
• South would not sell cotton to the British or
French
Confederate Ambassadors
• James Mason – went to Great Britain
• John Slidell – went to France
• Trent – “one war at a time”
“Modern War”
• Not fought like wars in Europe
• Not fought by small, disciplined armies but
fought by large armies of volunteers &
civilians that required vast amounts of
supplies & equipment
– Best way to win: line up in columns & go on
offensive
– Fire massive volleys (firing) & attacked with
bayonets
“Modern War”
• Rifle invented – more accurate
• War of Attrition: killing as many enemy
soldiers as possible – man for man
• South’s Strategy:
– Compared themselves to the American
Revolution
• Confederates = Colonists
– Battles: attacking & retreating when necessary;
avoiding large battle risking large losses
– South would wage a War of Attrition
“Modern War”
• Richmond Examiner commented: “The idea of
waiting for blows, instead of inflicting them is
altogether unsuited to the genius of our
people.”
• Union’s Strategy – Anaconda Plan
– Developed by: Winfield Scott (Mexican War)
Early Stages
Section 2
Mobilizing the Troops
• Confederate leader – PGT Beauregard
– 25 miles south of Washington, DC
• Lincoln ordered an attack-Confederates
pushed back across Bull Run (stream)
• Confederates led by “Stonewall” Jackson
– “There is Jackson standing like a stonewall! Rally
behind the Virginians!”
• Union forces retreated – the First Battle of
Bull Run made it clear that the North would
need a large, well-trained army to defeat the
South
Naval War
• Lincoln announced blockade of South
– Not blocked: Charleston, SC & Wilmington, NC
• Blockade Runners – small, fast vessels the
South used to smuggle goods past the
blockade
– South operated out of foreign ports & attacked
merchant ships – Alabama & Florida – most
famous
– Damage caused by ^ ships strained relations
between U.S. & Great Britain.
Farragut Captures New Orleans
• Union preps to seize New Orleans & take
control of the lower Mississippi River
• Farragut – 42 war ships + 15,000 soldiers
• On April 25, 1862 – arrived in New Orleans,
South’s largest city & now cotton trade was
under Union control
War in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant – Union General – Cumberland &
Tennessee rivers
• Grant headed up Tennessee River to attack Corinth,
MS – cut rail line connecting MS & western TN
• Confederates surprised Grant 20 miles north at
Shiloh Church
– Grant advised to retreat – No. Attacked Beauregard’s
troops until he had to order a retreat
– 20,000 troops wounded or killed – newspapers wanted
Grant fired – Lincoln said “I can’t spare this man; he
fights”
War in the East
• McDowell failed at First Battle of Bull Run,
replaced by George B. McClellan
– James River – peninsula James-York Rivers
• Divided by Chickahominy River
– Joseph E. Johnston attacked McClellan
– Robert E. Lee took over after Johnston was wounded
• Davis & Lee knew a Northern invasion would
make the North accept Southern
independence
– Also: victory on N soil would help win recognition
from British & Peace Democrats election
Emancipation Proclamation
• Democrats opposed to ending slavery;
Republicans divided
• Republicans did not want to endanger the
loyalty of slaveholding border states that
remained in the Union
• Northern casualties increased abolishing
slavery was best
– (1) punish South, (2) make soldiers’ efforts
worthwhile
Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued on September 22, 1862
• What did it do?
– Freed enslaved persons in states in rebellion as
of January 1, 1863
– ONLY FREED STATES IN THE CONFEDERATE
STATES! Not border slave states
Life During the War
Section 3
African Americans in the Military
• Emancipation Proclamation officially allowed
African Americans to serve in the Union
military
– About 180,000 Africans Americans served in the
Union military– almost
The Turning Point
Section 4
Vicksburg Falls
• Farragut captures New Orleans – gives Union
control of the Mississippi River delta
– Controlled north to Memphis, TN
– Goal: Cut the South in half
• Grant sent Benjamin Grierson to distract
– Grant moved troops south of city of Vicksburg
• Foraging – living off the land
– Grant captured Jackson – May 1863 assaults on
Vicksburg – only way to take city = SEIGE
Road to Gettysburg
• Lincoln is frustrated with McClellan – replaces
him with Ambrose Burnside
• Burnside failed, replaced with Joseph Hooker
• Hooker’s Attack: (1) left large part of army at
Fredericks burg to keep Lee’s troops from
moving, (2) took rest of army west to circle
around Lee’s troops & attack from rear
• Hooker was forced to retreat on May 5, 1863
• Lee ordered George E. Pickett & AP Hill to
attack
Gettysburg Address
• Lee was forced to withdraw to Virginia
• Gettysburg proved to be a turning point
• November 1863 – Lincoln decided to dedicate
a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a
military cemetery
• Gave a speech – Gettysburg Address
– Reminded his listeners: the nation was
“conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal”
Grant Secures Tennessee
• After Vicksburg & Gettysburg – fighting broke
out in Chattanooga, TN
– Chattanooga – railroad junction & control of RR
to Atlanta
• Lincoln ordered Meade to help in Battle of
Chattanooga
– Lincoln also made Grant in overall command of
Union troops (general in chief)
• Two Objectives Achieved: (1) captured Vicksburg
(control of MS river) (2) victory in Chattanooga
secured Eastern TN (invasion of GA
The War Ends
Section 5
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Occupied Atlanta – Sherman wanted to
punish the South & march to the Atlantic
Ocean
• “A demonstration to the world…that we have
a power that Davis cannot resist. I can make
the march, and make Georgia howl.”
• Sherman burnt Atlanta & cut a path through
GA 60 miles wide of destruction
– Pillaged: looting, destroying property
The South Surrenders
• Lincoln thought he would lose reelection in
1864, but he did not know the war was
almost over
• Presidential Election of 1864: (D) General
George C. McClellan & (R) Abraham Lincoln
(w)
– The capture of Atlanta gave Lincoln the support
he needed to win
– Mandate: clear sign from voters
Surrender
• Lee’s time was short
– April 1, 1865 Lee was trapped by Sheridan’s
cavalry & blocked road to Appomattox Court
House
– Lee said he would “rather die a thousand deaths”
than to see Grant to surrender (dishonorable)
– Lee’s troops were outnumbered & he surrendered
• When: April 9, 1865
• Where: Appomattox Court House
Lincoln’s Assassination
• Lincoln went out unaccompanied to see “Our
American Cousin” at Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, D.C.
– Who assassinated Lincoln?
• Aftermath of the Civil War
– Union victory strengthened federal government
– Civil War changed American society by ending
slavery (reconstruction amendments)
– Lingering Questions: (1) How to bring Southern
states back into Union? (2) Status of African
Americans in Southern society?
– Answers = Reconstruction period (after Civil War)