Transcript Total war - BHCS History

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2/15: slide 2-6
2/16: slides 7-11
2/17: slides 12-19
2/18: slides 20-31
2/19: slides 32-33
2/22: study for test
2/23: study for test
2/24: study for test/Wednesday
presentation
2/25: Test day (Chapter 14)
The Civil War
U.S. HISTORY
Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
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Located in Charleston, SC
harbor
Lincoln refused to give up
forts in South
Confederate soldiers fire on
fort
Union surrenders the fort
Lincoln calls for volunteers,
war starts
Rush to War
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Both sides
believe war
will last for a
few months.
Men from
both sides
eager to join
the war and
fight a battle
before the
war is over.
Strategies to Win the Civil War
NORTH
Anaconda Plan- named after
the snake, plan to slowly
squeeze the South to death
-blockade Southern ports
-control Mississippi River
-cut Confederacy in half
SOUTH
War of Attrition- South hoped
to keep beating North until
North lost will to fight
-stop sending cotton to
Europe
-believe England and France
will help Confederacy
because they need Southern
cotton
-Europe gets cotton from
others, South loses a lot of $
Advantages
NORTH
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Higher population (22
million vs. 5.5 million)
More industrializedfactories (supplies, $)
More railroad miles
(supplies/move troops)
Navy (trans./blockade)
SOUTH
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Belief that Europe
would help-needed
Southern cotton
Better generals
Fighting for
independence/to
preserve their way of
life
Fight defensive war
First Battle of Bull Run
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First major battle of Civil War
McDowell (Union) vs. Beauregard/Joe
Johnston (Con.)
Neither side really ready, especially
North
Thomas Jackson gets
nickname “Stonewall”
South wins, Union
retreats to D.C.
Both sides realize war
will take much longer
than expected
After First Bull Run
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Lincoln replaces McDowell with
George McClellan
McClellan-good trainer, poor fighter
McClellan & Lincoln don’t like each
other
McClellan refers to Lincoln as the
“original gorilla” and the “baboon”
Lincoln orders McClellan to attack
the South
Seven Days, Seven Battles-McClellan
beaten by Robert E. Lee, Lincoln
replaces him
1862-War in the West
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Union commander Ulysses S.
Grant
Grant captures two major
forts: Henry and Donelson
Battle of Shiloh in April, 1862
in Tennessee
South wins 1st day of battle,
but leader is killed
Union wins 2nd day, wins
battle
Both sides-24,000 casualties
1862-War in East
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War not going well for North
Lincoln can’t find a decent general
2nd Battle of Bull Run-major Union defeat,
again
Public opinion of war and Pres. worsening
Lincoln worried Europe may help South
Decides to free slaves, needs to wait for a
victory
oh, and McClellan is back in charge in fall
of 1862
Antietam
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Lee invades North
Thinks Southern victory in
North would get Europe to
help South or end war
Sharpsburg, Maryland
Union victory
23,000 casualties-bloodiest single day in American
history
Lee’s army escapes back to Virginia
Lincoln furious, McClellan gone for good
Fredericksburg Dec. 1862
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Union general now Ambrose Burnside
Union attacking up hill-Marye’s Heights
Conf. army behind stone wall
Major Union defeat
Lee-”It is well that war is so terrible, or we
should grow too fond of it.”
June 1863
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Union blockade and constant fighting in
Virginia have depleted resources there
Lee looking to take pressure off Virginia
Decides to invade the North again,
focused on Pennsylvania
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
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First Day - July 1
New Union general - George Meade
Battle begins over shoes
Confederates trying to get shoe supply
rumored in Gettysburg
Clash with Union cavalry
Word goes out, both armies move toward
Gettysburg
South wins first day, pushes Union soldiers
back through town
Union line on series of ridges (high ground)
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
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Second Day - July 2
Union line shaped like fishhook along ridges
Confederates attack both ends of Union line
in late afternoon/early evening
Lee’s second in command, Longstreet, wants
to move around Union army, Lee refuses
Little Round Top - hill at edge of Union line
Union soldiers at end of line run out of
ammo, can’t let Rebels take hill, decide to
attack
Saved Union army from defeat
Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
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Third Day - July 3
Lee orders attack on center of Union line, believes it
is the weakest point
Longstreet again argues against attack, overruled
150 Confederate cannon fire on Union center for
two hours
Just under 15,000 Confederates attack
Known as Pickett’s Charge - General George Pickett
Attacking uphill, over open field, Union troops in
center behind stone wall
Attack fails, Confederate casualties over 50%
Pickett never forgives Lee for destroying division
Gettysburg Recap
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Total casualties at Gettysburg- 51,000
Known as “High Tide of the Confederacy”
Closest chance to Southern victory
Turning point battle - war will get worse
and worse for South from this point on
Lee retreats back into Virginia
Meade lets him escape - war will go on
Emancipation Proclamation-Jan.1, 1863
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Issued by Lincoln after Antietam
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Takes effect January 1, 1863
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Frees all slaves in states in rebellion
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No slaves in border states (Union) freed
North divided over freeing
slaves
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Maryland Slave to the President
Belair [Md.] Aug 25th 1864
Mr president
It is my Desire to be free. to go to see my
people on the eastern shore. my mistress wont
let me you will please let me know if we are
free. and what i can do. I write to you for
advice. please send me word this week. or as
soon as possible and oblidge.
Annie Davis
Sherman’s March
“War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform
it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.”
-William T. Sherman
Sherman believed in the concept of total war.
What is total war?
Total war – Not just fighting your enemy’s army,
but also waging war on your enemy’s civilians,
land, resources, etc.
Sherman’s goal is to destroy the will of the
Southern people to continue fighting.
Sherman’s March
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Spring, 1864 – Sherman’s
98,000 man army invades
Georgia
Target is Atlanta – major
railroad and industrial center
Summer, 1864 – Sherman’s
army laying siege to Atlanta
Sherman captures Atlanta,
evacuates city, burns roughly
30% of city
Sherman’s March
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“I’m going to make Georgia howl!”
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Union troops destroyed bridges, factories, and railroad
lines (Sherman’s Neckties)
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Stole livestock and crops
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Burned/killed what they couldn’t eat
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6,900 horses; 13,000 cattle; 100,000 pigs
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Raided houses, stole personal items
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Freed thousands of slaves along way
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Capture Savannah, GA in late December, 1864
Appomattox Court House
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Grant captures Petersburg April 2, 1865
Lee retreats, eventually cornered at small
Virginia town-Appomattox Court House
Lee’s army starving, greatly outnumbered
Lee asks for terms of surrender - April 9, 1865
Grant gives Lee generous terms
“The rebels are our countrymen again.”
Effects of the Civil War
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The Union is preserved
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Slavery is abolished
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620,000 deaths in the War
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Nation put on course to becoming an
industrial power