Transcript War Begins – Major Battles & Events

Civil War - Major
Battles & Events
United States History, Chapter 15
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Battle of Bull Run –
Manassas, VA
 1st Major battle of Civil War in VA, July
1861
 Union led by General McDowell – 35,000
 Confederates led by Beauregaurd 22,000
 Met at Bull Run Creek, Manassas
 Hundreds of people from the North
gathered to watch the battle and picnic
General McDowell
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Battle Bull Run
Continued
 10,000 more Confederates arrive under
General Thomas Jackson.
 “…look there’s Jackson standing like a
stonewall.”
 Became “Stonewall” Jackson
 Confederates Win!
 North realized war would not be easy or
quick – Lincoln begins to doubt his
generals
Battle of Bull Run, July 1861
“Stonewall” Jackson
Chaos at Manassas
2nd Battle of Bull Run
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Fought in August, 1862
Confederates – Gen. Robert E. Lee
Union – George McClellan
Confederates Win (again)!
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
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Born to a wealthy family in 1807
Graduate of West Point
Fought in Mexican American War
Stormed Harper’s Ferry with Marines
Lincoln asked him to serve for the Union
Lee resigned, stayed loyal to Virginia &
became a Confederate General
Battle of Antietam – Sept.
17, 1862 – Fought in MD
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Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. History!
General McClellan – North (Union)
General Robert E. Lee – South (Confederates)
12,000 Union + 13,000 Confederate Casualties
 Important victory for the Union – Stopped
Lee’s advance North – UNION WINS!
Antietam - Continued
 Sept 4, 1862 – Lee and 40,000
Confederate Soldiers arrive in Maryland.
 Lee issues a Proclamation urging people
in MD to join the Confederates
 They don’t.
 Union Soldiers find Lee’s battle plans
wrapped around his cigar
 Soldiers take plans to McClellan.
 He does nothing for 4 days (too timid)!
 Armies clash at Antietam Creek
(Sharpsburg) on Sept.17, 1862
Antietam Continued
 After the battle – Lincoln created the
Emancipation Proclamation
 War Strategy to weaken Southern war
effort
 Emancipation Proclamation set
(Confederate only) Slaves Free
 He fired General McClellan
General McClellan
Lincoln visits Antietam
Ambrose Burnside – (Sideburns)
Was given command after McClellan but was crushed at the
Battle of Fredericksburg, VA - He asked to be relieved!
Emancipation
Proclamation
 “. . . All persons held as slaves within any State
or designated part of a State the people
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the
United States shall be then, thenceforward,
and forever free.” ( Sept. 22nd, 1862)
 By freeing slaves in all rebellious states
(the South), Freed African Americans could
then be recruited into the Union Army.
President Lincoln
Signs the Emancipation
Proclamation with his cabinet
 Went into effect January 1, 1863
What did it do?
 Every slave working in a field or factory freed a
white Southerner to fire a gun at Union soldiers!
 Slaves in areas of rebellion are free!
 Did not free slaves in border states nor
Confederate areas under Union control.
 Congress began to allow African Americans to
volunteer as laborers in July 1862.
•War Department also gave “contrabands”
(escaped slaves) the right to join the Union army
in South Carolina
 About 180,00 African Americans served with the Union
Army
Hampton Roads
 1st battle ever fought with ironclad ships
 Monitor was the Union ship (North)
 Merrimac was the Confederate Ship
(South – renamed Virginia)
 The battle was near the Chesapeake Bay
in Hampton Roads, VA.
 Battle is a draw (no winners) – Invention
of ironclad ships proves to be successful
Monitor – Union Ship
(North)
Merrimac – Confederate
Ship (South)
Growing Opposition
•A group of northern Democrats began to speak out against the
war – Peace Democrats (Led by Ohio Representative
Vallandigham).
•Their enemies called them “copperheads,” comparing them to a
poisonous snake.
•Copperheads were midwesterners that sympathized with the
south and opposed abolition. They called for an end to the war.
•Lincoln, seeing them as a threat, suspended the right of Habeus
Corpus- the right to know what your crime is if you are jailed
•Habeus Corpus is the Constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
Robert E. Lee – South
George Meade – North
Bloodiest (worst) battle in Civil War
Known for Pickett’s Charge (South) –
Confederates Slaughtered
 Became a Cemetery where Lincoln gave
the Gettysburg Address
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Gettysburg - Continued
 Spring 1863 – Lee split forces into 2
groups.
 While riding the front lines – Stonewall
Jackson is shot by his own men. Jackson
dies a few days later.
 Lee launches more attacks – Goal is to
break the North’s will to fight.
Gettysburg - Continued
 Day 1 – Confederates split into raiding parties
in PA – looking for food and shoes in
Gettysburg.
 Union and Confederates find each other and
start shooting.
 Day 3 – A failed Confederate Attack up
Cemetery Ridge.
 Almost 75,000 Confederate soldiers and
90,000 Union soldiers fought in Gettysburg.
 Casualties: 23,049 Union / 28,063
Confederate = 51,112 Total!
Gettysburg Continued
 Victory at Gettysburg was on same day
as Victory in Vicksburg.
 Turning Point of the War for North!
 After Gettysburg – France and
England refused to help / support the
C.S.A.
George Meade (North)
General Meade’s HQ
Gettysburg, PA
Soldiers at Gettysburg, PA
Federal (Union) Casualties
Gettysburg Address
 Nov. 19, 1863 – Lincoln gives speech at
Gettysburg.
 Dedication speech for battlefield
cemetery.
 269 words, less than a 2 minunte
speech!
Gettysburg Address
11/19/1863
 15,000 folks came to hear Lincoln’s
dedication to the memorial.
 It was a 2-minute speech about the state
of the Civil War.
 Here’s the audio of the speech read by
Jeff Daniels:
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speec
hes/gettysburgaddress.htm
Cemetery Dedication
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Cemetery
Siege at Vicksburg,
Mississippi- ended early July 1863
 General Grant (North)
 Pemberton (South)
 Goal – Split the South and take control of
Mississippi River (Admiral Farragut had taken
New Orleans, Baton Rouge & Natchez)
 Turning point of the war (North gets upper
hand & control of the west)
 Grant seals off city and starves people out.
 People eat dogs, horses, rats (7 weeks)
 People live in caves to avoid being hit with
shells.
Vicksburg Continued
 Confederate Soldiers almost mutiny!
 Confederates surrender on July 4th.
 Vicksburg did not celebrate the 4th of July
again for almost 80 years.
 North wins!
Siege of Vicksburg
General U.S. Grant
Sherman’s March-
TOTAL WAR
•Lincoln needed a victory for the Union
Army to help him win the election of
1864
•Sherman’s goal – Campaign to
destroy the south’s infrastructure and
provide Lincoln with victory – it worked!
Sherman's March to the
Sea
 William Tecumseh Sherman (North)
 Marches 100,000 troops from Atlanta, GA to
Savannah, GA.
 Goal: Destroy everything in their path
(buildings, RR, homes, farms, animals)
 Strategy: TOTAL WAR!
 Total War – Destroying civilian and economic
resources.
 Left path of destruction 60 miles wide –
angered the south deeply!
William Tecumseh
Sherman
End of War – Appomattox
Courthouse, Virginia
 April 9th – 1865
 Union (Gen. Grant) & Confederate (Lee) meet
in Appomattox Courthouse (small town)
 Grant assured Lee that his troops would be fed
and allowed to keep horses.
 They would not be tried for treason.
 President Davis called for guerilla warfare- Lee
declined
 “The war is over, the rebels are our
countrymen again.”
McLean Home
Effects of the War
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About 620,000 Americans died
Slavery was ended-13th Amendment
South was in ruins
Southern economy destroyed
Hostility between North & South
How does Lincoln re-unite Country
again? He won’t have the chance