Transcript the civil war

THE CIVIL WAR
(1861 TO 1865)
ADVANTAGES
NORTH
SO
U TH
 More industry
 Strong military tradition
 Exports to Europe doubled
 Brilliant officers( military
 Larger population
commanders
)
 Large farms to supply food for its
troops
 Knowledge of th e wilderness,
weaponry, andh orseback riding
 Better banking system
 Better network of roads, canals,
and railroads
UNIFORMS (DO NOT COPY)
UNION (NORTH)
CONFEDERACY
(S U
O TH)
COTTON DIPLOMACY
 Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, believed that
Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it
needed the South’s raw cotton to supply its booming textile
industry
GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT
 Union general who developed a two-part strategy that took
advantage of Union strengths:
 ONE – destroy the South’s economy with a naval blockade
of southern ports
 TWO – gain control of the Mississippi River to divide the
South
UNION AND CONFEDERATE
ARMIES
 Both armies relied on volunteers
 Most soldiers were inexperienced
 Discipline and drill turned raw volunteers into an efficient
fighting machine
 Confederate troops rose up to defend their lands and way
of life
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN
 July 1861 - First major battle of the Civil War
 Confederate victory that shattered the North’s hopes of
winning the war quickly
 Rebel (Confederate) forces led by Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson held firmly in place against advancing Union
troops
GENERAL GEORGE B.
McCLELLAN
 Union general who assembled a highly disciplined force of
100,000 soldiers called the Army of the Potomac
 Hesitated to attack Confederate forces in Virginia in 1862
because he overestimated the size of their army
GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE
 Became commander of Confederate forces in June 1862
 Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point
 He was willing to take risks and make unpredictable moves
to throw Union forces off balance
SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
 August 1862 - Stonewall Jackson’s Confederate forces
crushed Union General John Pope’s army
 Major accomplishment = most of the Union forces were
forced to retreat
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
 September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek in Maryland
 This was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War and in U.S. military
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history
Union suffered 12,000 casualties; Confederates suffered 13,000 casualties
Shifted control of the Civil War from the South to the North; Union gained an
edge over the Confederacy
General McClellan refused to use reserve soldiers at Antietam because he
thought General Lee was gathering reserves for a counterattack
*(Do not copy) – More soldiers were killed and wounded during this battle than
the deaths of all Americans in the American Revolution, War of 1812, and the
Mexican-American War combined
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
(PAINTING)
NAVAL BATTLES
 Unionh ad a large fleet and experienced naval commanders
 North ’s industry allowed Union to keep building s
h ips
 Union navy found it difficult to maintain its blockade on south ern ports
since ith ad to patrol th ousands of miles of coastline
 Britain provided th eS outh with ironclads – s
h ipsh eavily armored with
th ick metal plating made of iron
 Both sides used ironclads w
h ich marked th e end of th e use of wooden
warsh ips powered by sail and wind
MERRIMACK (CONFEDRACY) VS. MONITOR (UNION)
WAR IN THE WEST
 T
h e goal of th e Union army in h
t e West was to gain greater control of
t e Mississippi River
h
 April 1862 – The Battle of Shiloh – gave h
t e Union greater control of
th e Mississippi River valley
 General Ulysses S. Grant was th e Union commander
BATTLE OF SHILOH (PAINTING)
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
 President Abraham Lincoln was disappointed in h
t e cautious and
hesitant General George McClellan, soh e turned to Grant to lead th e
western campaign
 Grant was bold and restless and wanted to be on h
t e offensive
 He was qualified to lead an army sinceh e provedh is strength in battle
during h
t e Mexican-American War
ULYSSES S. GRANT (PHOTO)
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
 May 1863 in Vicksburg, Mississippi
 Grant’s troops and Union Admiral David Farragut’s fleet s
h elled th e
Confederate city repeatedly and cut off food supplies
 Significance of the battle = gave Union total control over th e
Mississippi River, w
h ic
h was a turning point during th e war
 *(Do not copy) – As food ran out in Vicksburg, residents and soldiers
had to eath orses, rats, and dogs. Once th e Confederates surrendered,
Grant sent food to th e city
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLES IN THE FAR WEST
 The Union halted several attempts by Confederate armies
to control lands west of the Mississippi early in the war
 Many Native Americans joined the Confederacy because
they hoped southern leaders would give them more
independence
 March 1862 – Battle of Pea Ridge (Arkansas) – Union
successfully defended Missouri
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
 September 22, 1862 - This was an order issued by Lincoln that called for all
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Confederate slaves to be freed
Lincoln believed abolition of slavery would help the North win the war
The proclamation stated that African-Americans should have the same rights of
life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that were stated in the Declaration of
Independence
He announced the proclamation after the Union victory at Antietam since the
Union was in a position of strength
Many northern Democrats did not like the proclamation since they feared freed
slaves would take white jobs at lower wages
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
(PAINTING AND TEXT)
AFRICAN AMERICANS
 Many free African-Americans and escaped slaves formed th eir own
units in th e Union army
 If blacks were captured by th e Confederacy, th ey were killed or sold into
slavery
 54th Massachusetts Infantry – African-American unit led ah eroic
ch arge onS outh Carolina’s Fort Wagner; overh alf were killed,
wounded, or captured
 In 1864, Lincoln proposed th at African-American soldiers s
h ould be
given h
t e rig
h t to vote
CHARGING FORT WAGNER
(PAINTING)
HABEAS CORPUS
 Copperheads = Americans from th e Midwest w
h o sympath ized with th e
South and opposed abolition; th ey believed th e war was unnecessary
 Lincoln saw th e copperh eads as a h
t reat, soh e silenced th em by
suspending th e rig
h t ofh abeas corpus
 Habeas corpus = constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment
 Lincoln jailed enemies of th e Union with out trial
LIFE FOR SOLDIERS AND
CIVILIANS
 Many criticized the Northern draft of 1863 because they felt it favored the rich
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by allowing them to buy their way out of serving
Some Northerners opposed the Civil War because they felt it was too long and
was costing too many lives
Some prisoners of war (POWs) were often held without shelter and given little
food
Northern civilians incapable of fighting took over jobs left vacant by soldiers
Many women provided medical care for soldiers
* (Do not copy) - Clara Barton – founder of the American Red Cross; she
organized the collection of medicine and supplies to deliver to Union soldiers on
the battlefield
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
 November 1862 - Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E.
Burnside for the attack on Fredericksburg, VA because he felt McClellan was
not daring enough
 General Lee forced Burnside’s men to retreat since the Union army was
delayed by crossing the Rappahannock River
 Lincoln then made General Joseph Hooker the commander of the Army of the
Potomac, but he was defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville, VA
 McClellan, Burnside, and Hooker all proved to have poor timing and were not
aggressive enough
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
 July 1863 - Major turning point - key battle in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania that
turned the tide of the war against the Confederacy
 The North gained control of Little Round Top (large hill that would have given
troops an aerial advantage), which gave them a better position than the South
 Lee and his troops retreated and it was the last time that he launched an attack
in the North
 After 3 days, 75,000 Confederate soldiers and 90,000 Union soldiers had fought
during the battle, each side losing around 25,000 men
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
(PAINTING)
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
(PAINTING)
LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG
ADDRESS
 November 19, 1863
 Lincoln gave th is famous speec
h at a ceremony of th e Gettysburg
battlefield cemetery
 He praised th e bravery of Union soldiers and renewedh is commitment
to winning h
t e Civil War
 He wanted to remind Americans th at th e reason th e war was being
foug
h t was to preserve liberty, equality, and democracy
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
(PAINTING)
CAPTAIN AMERICA, ABRAHAM
LINCOLN, SPIDER-MAN
GENERAL WILLIAM TECUMSEH
SHERMAN
 Union general w
h o believed in total war – destroying civilian and
military economic resources
 He destroyed south ern railroads, industries, farms, plantations, bridges,
livestock, and freed slaves
 His capture of Atlanta, GA convinced Union voters th at th e North was
making progress in h
t e war, so Lincoln was reelected
THE SOUTH SURRENDERS AT
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
 April 1865 – Granth ad surrounded Lee’s army in Virginia
 Confederate troops were running low on supplies and battle-weary
 April 9, 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant at th e Appomattox
Courthouse, VA; T
h e Civil War was over
 Legacy of the war -S lavery was abolis
h ed and all slaves were freed
as a result of th e Emancipation Proclamation, 620,000 Americans were
killed, south ernh omes and jobs were destroyed,h ostility remained