Transcript Causes of the Civil War - Effingham County Schools

The Civil War (1861-65)
Chapter 11
The American Civil War
From 1861, to 1865, for four long years
Americans fought and killed one another
Causes of the Civil War
• 1. Conflict over slavery in territories
• 2. Failure of Compromise in Congress—
States Rights
• 3. Election of Lincoln as President
• 4. Secession of Southern states
• 5. Firing on Fort Sumter, South Carolina
Remember the S’s & L!!!
Getting Started
• Pretend that you have been given the
task of setting the odds of winning or
losing the Civil War
• Look at the advantages and
disadvantages for both sides
• Make a prediction and explain your
prediction
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
North vs. South
Advantages
Union
Confederacy
Disadvantages
Population
 22 million (4 million men of
combat age)
 Economy- 100,000 factories
1.1 million workers
20,000 miles of railroad
$189 million in bank deposits
$59 million in gold specie
-Abraham Lincoln
War fought on confederate soil
 Lack of military leadership
Military Leadership
 Robert E. Lee
 Stonewall Jackson
Military Training
 VMI (Virginia Military
Institute)
 WestPoint
Home field advantage
 Familiar with terrain
 Morale booster
Population
9 million (3.5 million slaves,
only 1.2 million men of
combat age)
Economy- 20,000 factories
101,000 workers
9,000 miles of railroad
$47 million in bank deposits
$27 million in gold specie
The Union & Confederacy in
1861
Lets look at some key figures in
the Civil War before we talk
about the details of the War
• Who is this man in the background?
• Abraham Lincoln—President of the
United States
• How did his election lead South
Carolina to secede from the Union?
South: The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
The Confederate “White House”
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
North: Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
William T. Sherman
South: The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Civil War Intro Clip
A Nation goes to War
Section 1: The Civil War Begins—
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
• The Civil War begins when Confederate forces
fire on Fort Sumter—Union outpost in
Charleston, SC harbor
• First Shots
– Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
– Union President Lincoln does not surrender nor
attack, just sends food to Union troops in fort
– Confederate president Jefferson Davis chooses
to turn peaceful secession into war
• fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
• Virginia Secedes
– Fall of Fort Sumter unites North
– Virginia unwilling to fight the South; secedes from
Union
• This is very important, because Virginia is the
most populated state in the South, and Robert
E. Lee is from Virginia
– antislavery western counties secede from VA,
creating the state of West Virginia
• Three more states secede—Arkansas, Tennessee, and
N Carolina
• Border states remain in Union—Maryland, Delaware,
Kentucky, Missouri
Union
Confederacy
Maryland
Delaware
Kentucky
Missouri
(West Virginia-free
state)
All other states in
North and west
South Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Virginia
Arkansas
Tennessee
North Carolina
Border slave states that stayed in Union
The Sides
Americans Expect a Short War
Union and Confederate Strategies
– Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, and
railroads
– Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals,
motivation
• Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South
– blockade Southern ports
– divide Confederacy in two in west
– capture Richmond, Confederate capital
• Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if
opportunity arises
The “Anaconda” Plan
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)
– Bull Run—first battle,
Manassas, VA.;
Confederate victory
• This battle shows both
sides that the war will
not be short.
– Conf. General Thomas
J. Jackson called
Stonewall Jackson for
firm stand in battle (Lee’s
“Right-Hand Man”)
Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia
• The first battle was an important Confederate
victory. Manassas shows that the war was
going to be very long and difficult for both sides.
Nice Day for a Picnic?
• People, including Senators from
Washington D.C. came to the area to
relax, watch the fight, and picnic.
• What they saw caused them to panic
and scramble home in a disorganized
chaos.
Thomas Stonewall Jackson
• “Look, there is Jackson standing like a
stone wall!, Rally around the Virginians
boys.” General Bernard Bee N.C.
Union Armies in the West
• Battle for Forts Henry and Donelson
– General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough,
decisive Union commander in West
– Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate
Forts Henry & Donelson
• Battle of Shiloh
– April 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union
soldiers at Shiloh, TN
– Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat;
1,000s dead, wounded, battle ends in a draw
– Shiloh teaches preparation needed;
Confederacy vulnerable in West
Glow in the dark wounds…
• Seventeen year old Bill Martin was visiting Shiloh, a Civil
War battlefield, and heard tales of soldiers whose
wounds glowed with an eerie light.
• Bill's mom happens to be Phyllis Martin, a microbiologist
at the USDA Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville,
Maryland. She studies a soil bacterium called P.
Luminescens that glows pale blue.
• So Bill and his friend, John Curtis, did historical research
and found that the bacterium could indeed have lived in
the conditions at Shiloh.
A Revolution in Warfare
• Ironclads – What is an Ironclad?
– New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of
Grant, Farragut
– Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand
cannon, resist burning
– March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s
Merrimack fight to a draw
• New Weapons
– Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more
rounds than muskets
– Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades,
land mines are used
– Fighting from trenches, barricades new
advantage in infantry attacks
North’s Monitor, South’s
Merrimack fight to a draw
Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Most soldiers were issued smoothbore
muskets that were difficult to load and could be
fired at an accurate range of only about 100
yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled
muskets were much more accurate and deadly
with a range of up to 500 yards.
Destruction from Artillery
• In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for
better accuracy and more power.
• Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for
almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!.
• Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate
and could be lobbed 500 yards.
The War for the Capitals
• “On to Richmond”
– Union General McClellan waits to attack
Richmond
– Spring 1862, Confederate General
Robert E. Lee takes command of
Southern army
• Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’
Battle; Union leaves Richmond area
Lee
– The confederacy in the east is very
successful, even though they are
outnumbered, and outmatched
McClellan
War for the Capitals
The War for the Capitals
–Antietam
• Lee wins the Second
Battle of Bull Run;
marches into Maryland
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Lee, McClellan clash at
Antietam—bloodiest
single-day battle in
American History!!!!!!!
• Battle a standoff;
Confederates retreat;
McClellan does not
pursue (Sept 17, 1862)
• Lincoln fires McClellan
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
26,000 casualties
Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland
• Bloody battle in Maryland resulted in a tie and
Robert E. Lee’s army has to retreat back into
Virginia. Lee attacked the north because he
needed a victory on northern soil.
Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Section 2: The Politics of War
• By issuing the Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863, President Lincoln
makes slavery the focus of the war
– Frees slaves in Confederate areas only
– Does not apply to areas occupied by
Union or slave states in Union
– Confederacy becomes more
determined to preserve way of life
– Compromise no longer possible; one
side must defeat the other
Emancipation in 1863
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Lincoln’s attempt to
preserve the Union:
• President Lincoln suspends
habeas corpus:
– order to bring accused to
court, explain charges
– Lincoln uses this to arrest
disloyal Union citizens
and hold them w/o trial
• Arrested Copperheads—
Northern Democrats
advocating peace
African-American Recruiting Poster
Section 3: Life During Wartime
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Lives on the Lines
– Lack of sanitation, personal
hygiene lead to disease in
camp
– Andersonville—worst
Confederate prison,
in Georgia
• has no shelter, sanitation;
1/3 of prisoners die
Andersonville
• Confined more than
33,000 Union prisoners,
of which more than
13,000 died from
disease, poor
sanitation, malnutrition,
overcrowding, or
exposure to the
elements
Section 4: The North Takes Charge
Chancellorsville, Virginia
Last meeting between General Stonewall Jackson
and General Robert E. Lee.
• Stonewall Jackson loses his life after achieving
one of the greatest military maneuvers of the
Civil War at Chancellorsville, in Virginia.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Section 4: The North Takes Charge;
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help
the Union wear down the Confederacy.
• Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
– Three-day battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
cripples South, turning point of war
– Union forces under the command of General
George Meade defeat Lee’s Confederate army
– Ended any hope of South of invading North
– More than 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, MIA,
– Bloodiest battle of the whole war
Gettysburg Casualties
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
• Gettysburg was an important Northern
victory. The confederate Army was cut
down by almost 25%.
The Gettysburg Address
• November 1863, ceremony held to
dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg
– Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg
Address asserts unity of U.S.
– honors dead soldiers
– calls for living to dedicate selves to
preserve Union, and freedom
http://digitalstorytelling.coe.uh.edu/movie_so
cial_studies_04.html
Grant Wins at Vicksburg (May 19July 4, 1863)
• Spring 1863, Confederate-held Vicksburg,
Mississippi last obstacle to total Union control
of Mississippi River-Cuts the Confederacy in
half!
– Ulysses S. Grant’s laid siege to Vicksburg for 2
months
• Starving Confederates surrender on July 4
Did You Know?
• Confederates became so desperate for
food during the war they ate cats, dogs,
and even rats…
Would you eat these animals?
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
Vicksburg, Mississippi
• This important battle gave the Union Army control of
trade and the Mississippi River, which cut the
Confederacy in half and allowed General Grant to
control trade and communication on the river.
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Grant Appoints Sherman
– March 1864, Lincoln appoints
Grant commander of all Union
armies
– Grant appoints William
Tecumseh Sherman
commander of Mississippi
division [West]
– Grant, Sherman believe in
total war to destroy South’s
will to fight
The Confederacy Wears Down
• Sherman’s March in Georgia and the
Battle for Atlanta
– Sept. 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta;
South tries to cut railway supply lines
– Sherman cuts wide path of destruction in
Georgia
– December, takes Savannah, turns north
to help Grant fight Lee
– inflicts even more destruction in South
Carolina
Sherman Burning Atlanta
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
Sherman Bow-Ties
Quotes by Sherman
• “Grant stood by me
when I was crazy,
and I stood by him
when he was drunk,
and now we stand by
each other”
• “I beg to present you
as a Christmas gift
the city of Savannah”
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address
to the nation:
• “With malice toward none, with charity
for all, with firmness in the right as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive
on to finish the work we are in, to bind
up the nation’s wounds, to care for him
who shall have borne the battle and for
his widow and his orphan, to do all which
may achieve and cherish a just and
lasting peace among ourselves and with
all nations.”
Battle Maps
The Confederacy Wears Down
• The Surrender at Appomatox
– Robert E. Lee surrenders April 9, 1865 at
village of Appomattox Court House
Looking back…
• Easy to see how Union won; North had
advantages:
– Larger population-more fighting men
– More railroads
– More industry
Section 5:The Legacy of the War
• The Civil War settles long-standing
disputes over states’ rights and slavery.
– Federal Govt assumes supremacy and
ends threat of secession
– 1865, Thirteenth Amendment
abolishes slavery in all states
• Southern industry and farms destroyed
• Cost of War—$3.3 billion
– Union troops killed 360,000
– Confederate troops killed 260,000
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Assassination of Lincoln
– April 14, 1865, Lincoln is
shot at Ford’s Theatre
– Assassin John Wilkes
Booth escapes, is trapped
by Union cavalry, shot
http://video.pbs.org/video/1165093950/
John Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
Results of the Civil War
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abolition of slavery
Devastation of the south
Reconstruction
Nation united
Boom of industry
Federal authority dominate
Heritage or Hate?