Transcript Civil War - mrbeckwithhistory

What must be accomplished to win any
war?
Must defeat the enemies:
1.Ability to fight
AND/OR
2.Will to fight
Civil War
A country torn apart
Chapter 11
Collapse of the Union
• November, 1860 – Abraham Lincoln elected
• January, 1861 – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede or
formally withdraw from the Union
– Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of
America
• April, 1861 – Attack on Fort Sumter
– Lincoln supplies the Federal fort with supplies (no weapons)
– South Carolina troops fire on the fort forcing its surrender
• Marks the start of the Civil War
– Lincoln calls for troops and Virginia secedes from the Union
• May, 1861 – Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee
secede from the Union
– Western counties of Virginia secede from Virginia and West
Virginia admitted into the Union
– Slave States of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri
stay with the Union
Secession
Union States
Border States
Confederate States
Union Territories
Applying for statehood – undecided
Union Territories – permitted slavery
Why did the South Secede?
• South felt overpowered by Northern political,
industrial, and economic (banking) strength
– Fear that Lincoln, Republicans and abolitionist
Yankees, who owned the banks and factories, would
set prices to the point that whites would become
slaves to free blacks
• Southern way of life threatened by Northern
control of Congress
• Slavery Issue – States’ rights v. National
Government power
• Race-baiting – talk of black control of the South
The Plans
Union Plan
– Anaconda Plan – a three part plan designed
to crush the South
1. Set up a naval blockade to cut off supplies in or
out
2. Split the Confederacy in two by gaining control of
the Mississippi River
3. Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond,
Virginia
Confederate Plan
– Fight a defensive war, but attack when
possible
How did the South ever think they would win against the North?
North
Population
21.5 million
Economy
Industrial and
Commercial North,
Agricultural West
Military leaders:
Political leaders:
Type of War
Location
Weak
Good
Offensive
Patriotic
Contiguous
v. South
9 million
(3 million slaves)
Agricultural
Good
Weak
Defensive
Patriotic
Contiguous
“home country”
Remember the Past
Colonies v. England
Population
Economy
Military leaders:
Political leaders:
Type of War
Location
3 Million
Commercial &
Agricultural
Inexperienced
Inexperienced
Defensive
Patriotic
“Home” country
8 million
Manufacturing,
agricultural &
commercial
Average
Average
Offensive
Across Atlantic
3000 miles away
Significant Events of the Civil War
•
•
•
•
July 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run
November, 1861 – George B. McClellan named General-in-Chief of Union
February, 1862 – Union offensive opened in the West – Ulysses S. Grant
March, 1862 – battle of ironclad ships
– Union Monitor v. Merrimac
• April, 1862 – Battle of Shiloh
– Union casualties = 13,000
– Confederate casualties = 11,000
• War going to be much more costly than expected
• June, 1862 – Seven Days’ Battle
– McClellan within 20 miles of Richmond, but Lee drives him away
• August, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run
– Confederates defeat Union troops and push them back to Washington D.C.
• Lee goes on the offensive, but a copy of his plans fall into Union hands
• September, 1862 – Battle of Antietam
– Single bloodiest day of the war – 10,000 casualties on each side
– Lee retreats
• Turning point of war as likelihood of European recognition of the South is reduced
Foreign Affairs
• Trent Incident
– Confederate diplomats travel aboard a British
merchant ship (the Trent) in order to gain
British recognition of the Confederacy
• Trent is stopped by Union naval ship and the two
diplomats are arrested
– Britain threatens war against the Union and sends 8000
troops into Canada
» Lincoln orders the men to be released and claims the
Union commander acted alone
Emancipation???
• Abolitionists attempt to convince Lincoln that victory
without abolishing slavery would be no victory at all
• Lincoln felt he had no Constitutional authority to
abolish slavery where it already existed
– However, Lincoln uses his Constitutional war powers to
“end slavery”
• Emancipation Proclamation signed Jan. 1, 1863
– DID NOT END SLAVERY!!!
• Applied only to areas controlled by the Confederacy
– Was a military action that allowed for the freeing of slaves in rebelling
areas only
If the Emancipation Proclamation didn’t free
any slaves, then what impact did it have?
• Discourages Britain from recognizing the Confederacy
• Turned the war from preserving the Union to a moral war
of abolishing slavery
• Free Blacks now able to enlist in the regular army
• Northern Democrats felt it would only antagonize the
South (it did)
– Most Northerners accepted it, feeling it was necessary to save
the Union
• Now total victory needed in order to win – no chance for
compromise
Political Dissent
• Copperheads – Northern Democrats that advocated
peace with the South
• Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus (right to
court hearing to be told reason for arrest) – using war
powers
• Federal troops used to maintain civilian order and
telegraph offices seized
• Conscription – a draft that would force citizens to serve
in the army
– $300 fee to avoid conscription in the North
– Owned over 20 slaves one could avoid draft in South
– Bounty – fee paid by Northern States to get volunteers to fight
• Became rich man’s war at the poor man’s expense
– Riots erupt in NYC
Blacks Join the War
• North
– 1862 – Blacks allowed to serve in the military – low turn
out
– Emancipation Proclamation increases black volunteers
– Discriminated against – serve in all black units with
white officers
• Assigned to manual labor at lower pay
• High death rates – disease and executions
• South
– Slave Resistance
• Many adult males fled to the North – women and children work
• Sabotage of farm equipment
• Refusal to follow owners fleeing from Union forces
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on
this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to
the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are
engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not
consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living
and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom—and that government: of the people, by
the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
What was the result of the Civil
War?
• Political Impact
– Threat of secession wiped out
– National government assumed supreme
national authority and increased federal
power
• Passed laws gaining control over individual
citizens
– Income tax, draft, suspension of habeas corpus
What was the result of the Civil
War?
• Economic Impact
– Estimated $9 million total cost of war
• Equals about $125 million today
– North
• Government helps big business grow
– Railroads continue to expand and war related industries
prosper
• Federally chartered banks established
– South
• Economically devastated
• Majority of industries destroyed
• Livestock and farm machinery destroyed – thousands of
acres of land uncultivated
What was the result of the Civil
War?
• Human Cost
– 360,000 lives lost on Union side
• Another 275,000 wounded
– 260,000 lives lost on Confederate side
• Another 260,000 wounded
– Approximately 3 million served in the war
• Psychological effect
What was the result of the Civil
War?
• Lives
– Most dramatic change came for blacks
• 13th Amendment – “neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except when convicted of a crime, shall
exist in the United States”
– Soldiers attempt to return to previous life or
make a move to the opportunity offered in
cities
April 14, 1865
• Abraham Lincoln is assassinated
– Shot while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre
• Shot by a Confederate sympathizer – John Wilkes
Booth
– Hunted down and shot 12 days later