Transcript JB APUSH Unit IVB

CIVIL WAR AND
RECONSTRUCTION
Unit IVB
AP United States History
Fundamental Question
► How
did the Civil War change the political,
social, and economical landscape of the
United States?
► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve
the problems and conditions that led to the
sectional conflict?
Confederate Constitution
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We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character,
in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of
Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America.
Three-Fifths Clause
The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole
power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely
within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the
Legislature thereof.
Line-item veto for President
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts, provide
for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall
be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid
to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
throughout the Confederate States.
Congress cannot “facilitate commerce”
The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the slaveholding
States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to
pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same.
No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves
shall be passed.
Single six-year term for President
The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several
States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves
and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.
State legislatures solely responsible for amendments
Prelude to War
► After
Lincoln’s election in 1860, several southern
states seceded as warned
► Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in
the South, but explained secession was
unconstitutional and prohibited
 Warned about the use of force to preserve the union
and placed the blame toward the secessionists
 “a more perfect union”
► Southern
states argued for their sovereignty and
had a right to secede
 Explained how war was another forceful attempt by the
North and the South would defend its soil
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861 in South
Carolina
► CSA confiscated federal
forts in southern territory
► Lincoln sent provisions to
fort and CSA fired upon
the fort thus sparking the
Civil War
► Four more southern states
joined Confederacy
afterwards
► Sparked nationalism in the
North and South and led to
massive enlistment
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North vs. South
► California,
Connecticut,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Maine, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota,
New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York,
Ohio, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont,
Wisconsin
► Virginia,
North
Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee,
Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas,
Florida, Louisiana,
Texas
Border States
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Delaware remained extremely loyal to the Union despite
being a slave state
Maryland suffered through riots and disagreement between
pro-CSA and pro-Union
 Lincoln established martial law and suspended habeas corpus for
pro-CSA members and citizens
 Persuaded Maryland to be pro-Union through force
Missouri voted pro-Union, but had to deal with pro-CSA
leadership; remained Union
► Kentucky proclaimed neutrality, but after a CSA invasion
chose the Union
► Virginia divides in 1863
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 Counties in northwest Virginia voted for pro-Union and broke away
to form West Virginia
Union Advantages over CSA
► 22
million in Union population (71% of USA)
 9 million in CSA population (29% of USA)
► 3.5
► Union
million of which are slaves
controlled most of the banking and capital
► Union owned 90% of total factories and
manufacturing, 70% of railroad lines, 65% of
farmland, 97% of firearm production
► Loyalty of the U.S. Navy to the Union
► Educational and commercial advantages
Confederate Advantages
over Union
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Defensive war
 Union needed to invade and
control
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Geography
 Rivers and terrain
 Indented coastline
Confederate Hopes and
Liabilities
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Cotton exports could lead
to financial support
Hoped for recognition by
European powers
States’ rights prevented
one solid voice
Hoped for public opinion to
build against Lincoln
Volunteers and Conscription
► At
first, citizens enthusiastically volunteered for the
war
 Established at more local levels
► Conscription
legislation
 Union
► Enrollment
Act of 1863
 “poor man’s fight”
 Confederacy
► Conscription
► Supplying
Act
the military
 Confederacy’s Impressment Act
Union Strategy
► Anaconda
Plan
 Naval blockade
surrounding the CSA
► Mississippi
River
 Divide the CSA in two
► Richmond
 Capture the capital with
trained urban fighters
Eastern Theater
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First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)
 First major battle of the war
 Demand for a quick attack, inexperienced Union troops sent in retreat by CSA’s
Stonewall Jackson
 Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war
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Union’s Peninsula Campaign (March-July 1862)
 Failed attempt to capture Richmond as Union McClellan is repulsed by CSA’s Lee
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Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)
 CSA’s Lee pushed Union Pope back into Washington
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Antietam (September 1862)
 CSA wanted recognition as a nation but needed decisive, big victory
 CSA’s Lee invaded Maryland but pushed back by Union McClellan
 Bloodiest day in war: 22,000 killed or wounded
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Fredericksburg (December 1862)
 Lopsided loss by Union: 12,653 casualties to 5,377
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Chancellorsville (May 1863)
 CSA’s Lee’s “perfect battle” over Union Hooker
 Loss of Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s “right arm”
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Gettysburg (July 1863)
 CSA’s Lee’s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign
support
 Pickett’s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military
 Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50,000 casualties
Gettysburg Address
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Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a
new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We
are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion
of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather
for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
Western Theater
► Pea
Ridge (March 1862)
 Solidified Union support and control in Missouri
► Heartland
Offensive (August 1862)
 Invasion of Kentucky leading the state to support the
Union
► Shiloh
(April 1862)
 “I can’t spare this man; he fights.” – Lincoln on Grant
► Vicksburg
(May-July 1863)
 Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the CSA in
two
Monitor vs. Merrimac
Epic battle between
ironclad vessels
(Battle of Hampton
Roads)
► Monitor fought to
uphold the Union
naval blockade
► Merrimac fought to
break and disrupt the
naval blockade to
send exports and
receive supplies and
provisions
► Ended in a draw in
battle, but preserved
the Union naval
blockade
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The Civil War and the World
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The Confederacy had two foreign priorities:
 Foreign recognition by European powers
 Economic dependency (cotton market)
Great Britain and the Civil War
 Trent Affair (1861)
 British shipbuilders and Confederate raiders
► CSS Alabama
France and the Civil War
 Sympathy for Confederacy, but conquered Mexico
Cotton Diplomacy
 South believed in continued European dependency on its cotton
 Embargoed cotton to force economic depression in Europe - FAIL
 “King CORN”
Union victories delayed or prevented recognition
Slavery During the War
► Slavery
continued in the Confederacy as it was the
backbone of its society
 Dissolution of master-slave relationship
 Inefficiency and destruction of plantations
► Confederate
“control”
 Fear of slave revolts forced plantations east
 Tighter slave codes and scare tactics
► Loyalty
or Freedom?
 Most remained on plantations due to strong loyalty or
slim chance of escape
 Approaching Union forces allowed for better chances
 “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of
slavery is wrong.” - Georgia general
The Union and Blacks/Slaves
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The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln
 Border states were slave states, ex. Kentucky
 Slavery is constitutional
 Racism in the North and among Democrats
 Re-election in 1864?
► Confiscation Acts
 First Confiscation Act (1861)
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“contraband of war” - cannot apply slavery as property to states that seceded
 Second Confiscation Act (1862)
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Freed slaves of rebels
Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
 “freed” slaves in Confederate states
 Slavery became an “official” cause of war
 Opened the door for black participation in war
► Blacks in the Union military - Army of Freedom
 54th Massachusetts (Glory)
 200,000 participants; 37,000 casualties
► Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865)
 Abolished slavery throughout the nation
Women During the War
► Managed
and worked farms and factories as
men went to battle
► Helped develop and strengthen medical
field, ex. Nurses
► Woman’s National Loyal League (1863)
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
 End slavery, fight for women’s suffrage
► Back
to tradition after the war
Andersonville Prison Camp
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Established as a
Confederate POW camp in
February of 1864 in
Georgia
Under command of
Captain Henry Wirz
“no man’s land,”
conditions, Raiders vs.
Regulators
Approx. 13,000 out of
45,000 died from
conditions
Politics During the War
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Lincoln and Congress
 Since the South seceded,
Republicans gained control of
Congress in 1860 and dominated
throughout
 War Democrats
► Against secession but supported
pro-Democratic platform
 Copperheads/Peace Democrats
► Peace with Confederacy and
return to pre-Civil War situation
► Constitutional Rights
 Suspension of habeas corpus, ex.
Maryland
 Ex parte Milligan (1864)
► The Draft Riots of 1863 in New York City
► Election of 1864
 Unionist (Republican) vs. Democrats
 Lincoln selected Democrat Andrew
Johnson as VP
Copperhead Propaganda
Election of 1864
Republicans (or Federalists/Nat.
Rep./Whigs?) and U.S. Still Has a Destiny
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Financial Development
 Sale of government bonds
 Use of Greenbacks and the National Banking System
 Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
Infrastructure
 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
► Technical and agricultural colleges
Visions West
 Homestead Act (1862)
► 160 acres per family to settle and develop
 Pacific Railway Act (1862)
► Transcontinental railroad connecting California and East
Ending the War
► Vicksburg
and Gettysburg signaled the end for the
Confederacy
► General Ulysses S. Grant launches total war
► General William Tecumseh Sherman and the
March to the Sea
 Scorched earth policy and confiscation from TennesseeAtlanta-Savannah-Columbia
► Appomattox
- April 9, 1865
 Lee surrenders to Grant
► Confederates
until the very end…
 Guerilla tactics and “The South will rise again!”
Cost of the War
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Union:
 110,000 KIA
 250,000 Died from war
effects
 275,200 wounded
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Confederacy:
 93,000 KIA
 167,000 Died from war
effects
 137,000 wounded
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TOTAL DEAD: 620,000
► North Cost: $2.3B or $54B
► South Cost: $1B or $23B
► South Destruction: $1.5B
or $35B
► American
Revolution:
4,453*
► War of 1812: 2,260*
► Mexican-American
War: 13,283
► World War II: 407,316
► TOTAL: 427,312*
Lincoln’s Plan for
Restoration/Reconstruction
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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
 Full presidential pardons for 1. Oath of allegiance, 2. Accept end of
slavery
 Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed
allegiance and loyalty
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Bill required 50% voters to swear oath and non-Confederates
Second Inaugural Address
 “with malice toward none; with charity for all”
 Louisiana as example of reconstructed state
Lincoln’s Assassination
 April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater
 Johnson and rise of Radical Republicans…
Freedmen’s Bureau
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Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands in
March 1865
Food, shelter, medicine for
freed blacks and displaced
whites
Education of blacks and
colleges
Viciously attacked and
ridiculed by Northern
racists and bitter
Southerners
Reconstruction, Phase 1
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
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About Andrew Johnson
 Tennessee Democrat and Lincoln’s
VP
 Represented more for poor whites
against Southern “aristocracy”
 White supremacist
► Reconstruction Plan
 Pardons for loyalty oath
 No pardons for Confederate leaders
and owned $20,000 taxable
property
 Admitted Confederate states with
appointed governors who
established voting procedures for
state legislatures
 States must abolish slavery and
secession clauses
Result of Johnson Plan
► Return
of former Confederate leaders
 Alexander Stephens, CSA VP, elected Georgia senator
► Readmitted
states complied but did not provide
provisions for blacks to vote
► Black Codes
 Prohibited renting or borrowing to buy land
 Work contracts
 No testifying against whites
► Election
of 1866 and the Radical Republicans
 The Johnson Vetoes
► Funding
for Freedmen’s Bureau
► Civil rights bill
 Racism vs. “Bloody Shirts”
 Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses
Reconstruction, Phase 2
Radical Plan
► Republicans
led by Thaddeus Stevens and
Charles Sumner overrode Johnson’s vetoes
► Confederate leaders disavowed
► Johnson-based state governments replaced
with military districts
► U.S. military used in South to enforce
legislation and protection of blacks
► States admitted if accept Fourteenth
Amendment
Radical Legislation
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
 Blacks as American citizens and end of
Black Codes
Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
 Anyone born or naturalized was American
citizen
 States must respect rights with “equal
protection” and “due process”
 Disavowed Confederate leaders; not paying
state debt; penalty for preventing voters
Johnson Impeachment
 Political ploy by Republicans
 Acquitted by ONE vote… twice
Fifteenth Amendment (1869)
 Blacks have right to vote
Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Equal accommodations for blacks;
participation on juries
Other goals and reforms
 Infrastructure, penal and institutional
development and codification, women
property rights, public education
Southern Life
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Freedmen in the South
 Political Recognition
► Elected to state and national legislatures
► Right to vote
► Anger and resentment by Southern whites
 New way of life?
► Desire for autonomy: independent churches,
schools, move out West
► Sharecropping
 White landowners provided seed and
farm supplies for as much as half of
production ----> led to dependency
 Only 5% of southern blacks claimed
economic independence
Republicans and Northerners in the South
 Scalawags: Southern Republicans fostering
“American system-type programs
 Carpetbaggers: Northerners investing in “New
South,” reformers/provide aid, squatters and
plunderers
Paramilitary groups based on white supremacy
 White League
► Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans
and freedmen
 Ku Klux Klan (1867) by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest
► “invisible empire” to scare or destroy
Republicans and freedmen
► Still fighting the war OR The South Will Rise
Again!
The North
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As the South struggled to recover,
Republicans pursued economic expansion
through industry and infrastructure
► Political and Financial Corruption
 Abuse of patronage (spoils system)
 Grant’s connection to stock market
speculation, tax fraud, embezzlement
► Political Machines
 Provide for underprivileged, immigrants,
businesses in return for votes
 William “Boss” Tweed and Tammany
Hall
► Reaction to Radical Republicanism
 Racism entrenched in the North
 Immigrants and poor whites feared
losing economic opportunities to
freedmen and entitled blacks
Evolution of Northern Attitude Toward
Blacks During Reconstruction
Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harper’s Weekly
“And Not This Man?”
August 1865
“This Is A White Man’s
Government”
September 1868
“Colored Rule in a
Reconstructed State”
March 1874
Election of 1868
Grant and the Republicans
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Civil War hero, but no political
experience; linked with moderates and
Radicals
Becomes engrossed in corruption links
and charges
Split in Republicans
 Fractured by Liberal Republicans
who forged coalition with Democrats
Panic of 1873
 Driven by railroads collapse,
overspeculation, and overexpansion
 Leads to end of Greenbacks
Amnesty Act of 1872
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Led to Southern Democrats to retake
state governments and replace black
legislators
“Election” of 1876
Samuel
Tilden
(D)
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Rutherford B.
Hayes
(R)
Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes
Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden
Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral
vote for majority
Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South
Carolina, Florida)
Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes
Election of 1876
Compromise of 1877
► Angry
Democrats and riots around the nation due
to Hayes’ “victory” forced a deal
► Hayes will become president, if…
 Remove federal troops from the South
 Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. railroads
► End
of Reconstruction
 With no enforcement by federal troops, civil rights
limited or eliminated in the South
 Democrats return to power in the South