Transcript U.S. History Overview

U.S. History Overview
Bill of Rights
The necessary number of states adopted it in 1791.
Amendment I: Freedom of religion, speech or press, assembly, and petition.
Amendment II: Right to bear arms (for militia).
Amendment III: Soldiers can’t be housed in civilian homes during peacetime.
Amendment IV: No unreasonable searches; all searches require warrants.
Amendment V: Right to refuse to speak during a civil trial; Double Jeopardy.
Amendment VI: Right to a speedy and public trial.
Amendment VII: Right to trial by jury when the sum exceeds $20.
Amendment VIII: No excessive bails and/or fines.
Amendment IX: Other rights not enumerated are also in effect.
Amendment X: Non-federal powers belong to the state.
Federalist Period
• Aug. 30 1789, Washington takes office
• Creates first Cabinet (council of advisors)
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
How to enforce law??
• Judiciary Act of 1789
– Creates 1st federal court system
– John Jay – 1st Chief Justice
Hamilton’s Economic Plan
• Manage National Debt
– Pay off the foreign debt
– issue new bonds to cover old debts
– Federal government assumes debts of states
• Gives creditors more incentive to support the new national
government
• Raise money to pay debt
– Pass Tariff of 1789 and new excise tax
• Standardized Banking System: Establish a National
Bank
– Funded by federal government and wealthy private citizen
What about a National Bank??
• Elastic/”Necessary and Proper” Clause
• Hamilton: What was not forbidden in the Constitution
was permitted. “Loose” Interpretation of Constitution
– A bank was “necessary and proper” (from Constitution).
– He evolved the Elastic Clause.
• Jefferson: What was not permitted was forbidden. “Strict”
Interpretation of the Constitution
– A bank should be a state controlled item (9th Amendment).
– The Constitution should be interpreted literally and strictly.
Hamilton Wins: Bank of U.S. Created in 1791
Rebellion again
• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
• Led by Farmers in protest of Hamilton’s new
excise tax on Whiskey
• Washington sends 13,000 to stop rebellion
– What result does this have for Washington??
R–E–S–P–E–C–T
War Again?????
• Britain vs. France
• Washington: Proclamation of
Neutrality
Isolationism: Americans need to
stay out, stay away, and mind
our own business!!!
Washington says Farewell
• Warnings:
– 1. Don’t entangle yourself in foreign
alliances
– 2. Watch out for political parties (they
are dangerous)
– 3. Do not move away from religion:
Religion is important in shaping the
ethics and morality of the nation
Discuss: Why would Washington warn
against these things?????
Washington’s Major Diplomatic Events
1.
Neutrality Proclamation – Remain neutral in war between
Britain and France and keep peace domestically as well
2.
Jay’s Treaty (U.S. and Britain) – Stated that Britain had to
pay for damages to American merchant ships and Britain
agreed to leave its forts giving America control of the
Northwest
3.
Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain, being worried of alliance
between the U.S. and Britain, agrees to give the U.S. the
right to use the Mississippi River and the port of New
Orleans; Spain and U.S. agree on northern boundary of
Florida.
4.
Treaty of Greenville – Treaty signed by the Americans and
Miami Tribe giving the U.S. government territories once held
by the Miami tribe (OH, IN, IL, MI), caused Native American
leaders including Little Turtle to work on keeping the peace
PARTIES DEVELOP
-Hamilton and Jefferson
had opposing views of
government
Federalists
-____________led by Hamilton
supported strong
Nat’l Gov’t
-____________
Democratic____________Republicans
led by Jefferson
and Madison
supported limited
role of Gov’t
ADAMS IS ELECTED
-1796 election
Adams elected_______
Pres.
JEFFERSON
________________
elected V.P.
-They were from
political
different___________
parties
__________________
-Introduced the concept
of sectionalism (loyalty
to one’s region)
12th amendment solves the
problem
XYZ AFFAIR
-Neutrality strained relations with France and Britain
-U.S sends ambassadors to France to patch relations
-Bribes were demanded by the French
-US was outraged as story emerged
-nearly leads to war
- Leads to major criticism of Adams
ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
-Federalists passed laws to
limit criticism of gov’t by
those sensitive to the
Dem-Republicans
French (_____________)
and restrict citizenship
rights
ALIEN & SEDITION ACT
NATURALIZATION ACT
RESPONSE TO ALIEN
AND SEDITION ACTS
STATES HAVE THE
RIGHT TO IGNORE
FED. LAWS
-would have limited freedom
of speech and allowed
deportation of unpopular
aliens
Kentucky and Virginia
-___________________
issued resolutions to declare
the laws unconstitutional
Jefferson
-Written by ____________
-presented idea of
nullification, because
Jefferson believed in a weak
central gov and strict
interpretation
•“I will never send another minister to
France without assurances that he will be
received, respected, and honored as the
representative of a great, free, powerful, and
independent nation.” President John
Adams, 1798
•“That if any person shall write, print, utter
or publish… any false, scandalous and
malicious writing or writings against the
government of the United States…shall be
punished by a fine not exceeding two
thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not
exceeding two years…Sedition Act, 1798
ELECTION OF 1800
-Jefferson and Aaron
Burr tie for President
-both are DemocraticRepublicans
-Tie is eventually
broken in
Jefferson’s favor by
OF REP.
the HOUSE
____________
-Future problems avoided
with 12th Amendment
ELECTION OF 1800
-”Revolution of 1800: 1st
peaceable transfer of
political power from one
party to another in modern
government
-Federalists to DemocraticRepublicans
-Jefferson’s philosophy
brought to the White House
and Democratic-Republican
Congress
laissez-faire gov’t
JUDICIAL REVIEW
J. MARSHALL
-_______________
is
Chief Justice of Supreme
Court
-Midnight Judges
appointed by _________
J. ADAMS
Last minute appointments
so FEDERALIST
_________
could
keep control of one
branch
MARBURY V. MADISON
-case declares part of
Judiciary Act
UNCONSTITUTIONAL
________________
-Establishes principle
Judicial Review
of ______________
Court can declare laws
unconstitutional
to be ___________
WESTERN EXPANSION
Louisiana Purchase
-_________
(1803)
Doubled the US.
Purchased from ___
Fr.
Between Mississippi
River and the
Rockies
Was unconstitutional
but so popular, no
one complained
WESTERN EXPANSION
-Louisiana
Purchase (1803)
LEWIS
& CLARK
_____________
EXPEDITION
____________
Gaither
scientific info.,
by exploring the
land
WESTERN EXPANSION
-Louisiana
Purchase (1803)
SACAJAWEA
_________guide for
through the
Rockies
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
-US neutrality
between Britain
and France???
Needed trade with
both sides
Both Britain And
France Blockade
US ships from
trading
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
IMPRESSMENT of
-British began _____________
sailors- taking US sailors forcing
them into British Service.
-Jefferson gets ______________
EMBARGO ACT
passed to cut off trade with Britain.
Hurts U.S. business more than
Britain, Act crippled Northern
shipping
Presidential Election of 1808
James Madison Becomes
President
Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
Q
General William Henry
Harrison  governor of
the Indiana Territory.
Q
Invited Native Indian
chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN
to sign away 3 mil. acres
of land to the US
government.
Q
Tecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian
tribes to fight for their homelands.
Q
Tecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison
and was defeated at Tippecanoe.
Q
This made Harrison a national hero!
[1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]
1. Impressment
2. Embargo Act of 1807
3. British relations with Indians (Tecumseh)
4. War Hawks demand war with Britain
“War Hawks”
John C. Calhoun [SC]
Henry Clay [KY]
Presidential Election of 1812
“Mr. Madison’s War!”
American Problems
Q The US was unprepared militarily:
 Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s
800 ships.
 Americans disliked a draft 
preferred to enlist in the
disorganized state militias.
Q Financially unprepared:
 Flood of paper $.
 Revenue from import tariffs
declined.
Q Regional disagreements.
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
Hartford Convention
December, 1814 – January, 1815
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
• Financial assistance from Washington to
compensate for lost trade from embargos.
• Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote
in Congress before an embargo could be
imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.
• The abolition of slavery.
• That a President could only serve 1 term.
• The abolition of the 3/5 clause.
• The prohibition of the election of 2 successive
Presidents from the same state.
• ***Caused death of Federalist Party***
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
The Battle of New Orleans, 1815
• After Treaty of
Ghent was
signed
• Jackson
becomes national
hero
• Rise of
Nationalism
Effects of the War of 1812
• Foreign respect and recognition for the
United States
• Nationalism (belief that the interests of the
nation are more important than individual
regions); National pride grows
• U.S. manufacturing increases
• Native American resistance declines
The
“Era of Good Feelings”
(1815-1824)
The Election of 1816
American Culture
• Alexis de Tocqueville
– Democracy in America
– “America is a land of wonders, in which
everything is in constant motion and
every change seems to be an
improvement.”
• Thomas Cole
– Hudson River School
– Depicted and celebrated the American
Countryside
• BOTH OF THESE PROMOTED
THE NEW SENSE OF
NATIONALISM IN AMERICA
Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
• Nationalism
– Belief that the interests
of the nation as a
whole are more
important than
interests of a particular
region or of other
countries
• Sectionalism
– Belief that one’s own
section or region of the
country is more
important than the
interests of the nation
as a whole
The American System
 Tariff of 1816
Passed to save American Businesses
- Led to decrease in competition
- protect American industries = federal
revenue
 Land Prices
- Keep prices high for revenue to pay for
internal improvements
 Second Bank of the U. S.
- stabilize currency
- regulate risky state and local banks
Henry Clay,
“The Great
Compromiser”
 Internal improvements
at federal expense. (Roads/Canals)
- National Road
- Erie Canal
The American System
 WEST  got roads, canals, and
federal aide.
 EAST  got the backing of
protective tariffs from the
West.
 SOUTH  more markets for cotton
How did President Madison react?
• Vetoes a bill to give states aid for
infrastructure
• No federal funds used to pay for
infrastructure, UNCONSTITUTIONAL
James Monroe [1817-1824]
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
- Agreement between
U.S. and Spain
- U.S. gains territorial
rights to Florida ($5
million)
- U.S. also gained
territory in the west
- A new Western
boundary was drawn
Economic Panic of 1819: Why?
• Over-speculation
• International
relations
(blockades)
• Heavy war debt
from War of 1812
• Increasing
unemployment
• Overuse of credit
Panic of 1819: How to Recover
• increase of tariffs (largely proposed by
Northern manufacturing interests)
• reduction of tariffs (largely proposed by
Southerners, who believed free trade would
stimulate the economy and increase demand)
• monetary expansion
• restriction of bank credit
• direct relief of debtors
• public works proposals
• stricter enforcement of anti-usury laws
• abolition of the national bank (the Second Bank
of the United States)
Marshall Court and Judicial
Nationalism
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
– If a conflict arises between national and state powers,
national government is supreme
– Stated that the “Necessary and Proper” Clause
allowed Congress to use powers that are not
expressly stated in the Constitution
– Effect: Any law can be enacted by Congress if it
helped the carry out their duties
The Election of 1820
Missouri Controversy
• Missouri wants to join Unites States
• Slavery is an issue (Free State or Slave State?)
• Current Power: 11 Free States/11 Slave States
• Admission of Missouri will give one side more
power. What happens?
Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Missouri enters as a slave state
• Maine enters as a free state
• Power still even (12 Free sates/12 slave
states)
• No more slavery in Louisiana territory
states above 36° 30' line
The Compromise of 1820:
A Fireball in the Night!
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
*1820- there were an equal number of free and slave states (Senate power was equal)
*Missouri and Maine will enter at same time to keep balance (Free & Slave enter
together)
*Line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery
**Why did many leaders believe that the Missouri Compromise was only a temporary
solution? they knew that as soon as other territories applied for admission to the Union,
the issue of balance of political power between the free and slave states would reemerge
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
 proclaimed that European powers would
no longer colonize or interfere with the
affairs of the newly independent nations of
the Americas.
 U.S. Neutrality and U.S. will be hostile if
Europe colonizes Americas again
1. What foreign
policy
principles are
established?
Referred to as
America’s Self-Defense
Doctrine.
2. What warning is given
to the European
countries?
Monroe
Doctrine
3. What would the
US do if the
warning was not
headed?
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
The Election of 1824:
The “Corrupt Bargain”
In the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President by the House of
Representatives
Popular Vote
Electoral
Vote
Andrew Jackson
43%
99
J.Q. Adams
31%
84
William
Crawford
13%
41
Henry Clay
13%
37
Candidate
AGE OF JACKSON
ELECTION OF 1824
*Four candidates ran for President
*No winner in Electoral College
* Because of the 12th Amendment the top three candidates were voted on by
the House of Representatives
*John Q. Adams chosen over Jackson as President
* Henry Clay, gives his support to John Quincy Adams
* Quincy Adams becomes President & appoints Henry Clay his Secretary of
State.
*Called “corrupt bargain” because Jackson had the most popular votes
*Jackson’s supporters formed Democratic Party and opposed
Adam’s policies
*Jackson runs on his fame from the War of 1812 (Battle of New Orleans)
Supreme court under Chief Justice John Marshall
A series of Supreme Court decisions made under the leadership of
Chief Justice John Marshall led to a strengthening of the power of the
Federal Government
Marbury v. Madison = judicial review
Fletcher v. Peck = first time state law was voided on the grounds
that it violated a principle of the US Constitution
Dartmouth College v. Woodward = severely limited the power of
state governments to control corporations
McCulloch v. Maryland = no state can control an agency of the
federal government
Gibbons v. Ogden = only Congress can regulate interstate
commerce
ELECTION OF 1828 Andrew Jackson Wins
*High voter turnout because voting requirements had been lowered
- All white males had access to the polls
- Many states had eliminated property ownership as a qualification for
voting (Higher voter turnout as a result)
Andrew Jackson
*“Common Man‘s” President; Jackson appealed to common people
*Creation of the Spoils System
- Jackson believed in a Spoils system = the practice of
appointing people to government jobs on the basis of party
loyalty and support.
*Great Silence over the issue of slavery
When Andrew
Jackson was a
Presidential candidate
he was helped by a
tripling of the number
of qualified voters.
Indian Removal Policy
• Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the
government of the United States that sought to relocate
American Indian (or "Native American") tribes living east of the
Mississippi River to lands west of the river.
• Indian Removal Act (1830)
–
-
Signed by Andrew Jackson
Attempt to move the “five civilized tribes” west of Mississippi River
Supported by the South
Tens of thousands of Indians forced to move
• Why?
– Desire for land for cotton production/farming & to build cities/towns
– Population growth
– Dislike of Indians
Indian Removal: Worcester v. Georgia
• Issue
– Whether States had the reserved power to pass laws
concerning the Indian Nations, specifically the
Cherokee.
• Opinion
– The Court ruled that the State had no power to pass
any laws affecting the Cherokees because Federal
jurisdiction over the Cherokees was exclusive.
• Effect
– Cherokee tribe wins and keeps land
– Jackson ignores ruling and forces Cherokee off of
land
– Trail of Tears
Footnote in History
The professed aim of the US government’s Indian policy was the
“civilization” of the Indians, and the official reason given for
removal was that this aim could not be accomplished in areas
surrounded by white settlements, subject to demoralizing frontier
influences.
The Cherokee had good reason to resist the relocation:
*they had instituted a republican form of government
*achieved literacy in their own language with the invention
of a Cherokee alphabet by Sequoya
*were making progress toward adopting a settled agrarian
way of life that was similar to that of southern whites
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
• Nullification: The legal theory that a U.S.
State has the right to nullify, or invalidate,
any federal law which that state has
deemed unconstitutional
• Should a state be able to do this? Lots of
people debated this.
1828: Tariff of Abominations
• Protective tariff passed by congress
• Increased the tax on imports (92%)
• Effects
– reduced market for goods
– British reduced their imports of cotton from the United States, which hurt
the South
– South has to buy manufactured goods from U.S. manufacturers, mainly in
the North, at a higher price, while Southern states also faced a reduced
income from sales of raw materials
– Nullification Crisis
Vice President John C. Calhoun (S.C.) & Nullification
•
South Carolina Exposition: written by John C. Calhoun
– denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional
– Tariff must be lowered
– S.C. threatens to nullify (make void/invalid) the tariff
– Compromise eventually reached (tariff is lowered and S.C. repeals its
nullification of the tariff)
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
*Debate over high tariffs (tariff of 1828)
*John C. Calhoun V.P. (from SC) proposed the idea of Nullification
*Theory of nullification = because states had created the Union, they had the right
to declare a federal law null, or not valid.
*South Carolina threatens secession, South Carolina’s economy was weakening
and many people blamed the nation’s tariffs.
*Jackson threatens the use of force after the Federal government passes another
tariff, South Carolina declares the tariffs unconstitutional. President Jackson
views this as an act of treason and sends a warship to Charleston and Congress
authorizes the use of military force.
*Henry Clay organizes a compromise that would lower tariffs within two years,
SC repealed its nullification of the tariffs
Hayne (SC)
Webster (MA)
Hayne-Webster Debate (State’s Rights)
After the Tariff of 1828 (also referred to as the Tariff of Abominations)
was passed, the Vice –President John C. Calhoun, who was from SC,
suggested nullification to solve the issue. Senators Robert Hayne of SC and
Daniel Webster debated the issue on the floor of the senate.
The whole issue was over who should have more power: the state
governments or the federal government.
NOTE = this struggle over who has more power the state or federal
government is one of those underlying issues that the nation must
deal will and it comes up time and time again.
NATIONAL BANK
*Jackson hated the National Bank of the United States
*Thought it was an abuse of power and served the wealthy
*Jackson vetoed the new charter for the bank and withdrew all
government funds, placing federal funds into his “pet banks” in each
state
*Jackson’s refusal to re-charter the National Bank led directly to the
Panic of 1837
To President Andrew Jackson, the national bank was a symbol for
Eastern wealth and power
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”?
The Industrial North
•
•
•
•
the Industrial Revolution
– started in Great Britain
– machine-power replaced manpower
• Mass production = more goods being produced
– inventions
• Eli Whitney  interchangeable parts and the
Cotton Gin (Prolongs the use slavery for
years to come)
• Robert Fulton  steamboat “Fulton’s Ferry”
• Samuel Morse  telegraph
Lowell, Massachusetts
– Francis C. Lowell
– the first “textile town”
– Leads to the introduction of the factory concept
– “Lowell Girls” = young female factory workers
Erie Canal
– connected the Great Lakes with NYC
early Immigration
– mainly from Western Europe
The Agrarian South
•
“King Cotton”
– cotton farming = backbone of southern society
•
Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin
– made cotton production more efficient
– increased the need for slavery (prolonged use of
slaves for years to come)
– Increased need for new farm land
•
rural/agrarian lifestyle
SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
*Views differed on many issues
*Land
-North = Free Land
- South = Market value
*Tariff
- North = High
- South = Low
*Slavery North (No), South (Yes)
The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
Birth of the Whig Party
• Whig views:
– Government programs to help economy and
society
– Reform/Change
– Better Public Schools and education
– Infrastructure improvements
– Defender of “Common Man”
– Democratic-Republicans are a party of
corruption
VAN BUREN
*Martin Van Buren was elected after Jackson
*Suffered because of Jackson’s bank policies
The Whig Party was
primarily interested in
limiting the power of the
President.
*Panic of 1837 left many in bad economic situations thousands of farmers were
forced to foreclose, and unemployment soared
*Newly formed Whig party gains strength
HARRISON AND TYLER
*War hero William Henry Harrison becomes first Whig
President
(ran on the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”)
(William Harrison won the Battle of Tippecanoe)
*Harrison dies one month into office
*John Tyler is first Vice President to become President
ERA OF REFORM
Second Great Awakening
*Period of religious revival after 1800.
- promoted the belief that all people could attain grace by readmitting
God and Christ into their lives.
*Charles Finney = an important advocate for the Second great Awakening,
helped to found modern revivalism.
*New Religious denominations = emerged from the new religious revival.
Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
(Mormon Faith)
After the murder of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young leads the Mormons west to
Utah territory to escape harassment/religious persecution.
Transcendentalism
*Belief in a simple lifestyle, self-reliance (trusting one’s
intuition)
* Knowledge of the world is found through reason, intuition,
and personal experiences
*Walt Whitman
*Ralph Waldo Emerson = leader of the Transcendentalist
movement in the early 19th century. Advocated self-reliance.
*Henry David Thoreau = believed individuals should fight the
pressures to conform
Civil Disobedience
Education
*One room schools
*Few educated beyond age 10
*Horace Mann = education reformer
- Started common-school movement
- Advocated public schools for everyone
- established state teacher-training programs
- discouraged corporal punishment
- Others supported establishment of tax-supported
public elementary schools
Note = At the start of the American Civil
War Dorothea Dix was appointed
superintendent of women nurses for the
Union forces.
Institutional Reform
*Dorothea Dix
Help for the mentally ill
Helped start several mental hospitals
*Prison reform = many states built new prisons
Called penitentiaries, that tried to rehabilitate the prisoners
*Meant to rehabilitate
Utopia
* Ideal “Perfect” Society
* A group living area that would be perfect
*Based on everyone working together
* Brook Farm (Massachusetts), Oneida Community (NY), New Harmony (IN)
*Most did not work very well
Abolitionists
*Those who opposed slavery
*William Lloyd Garrison publisher of the Liberator (Abolitionist
newsletter) and founder of the American Antislavery Society
*Frederick Douglas, a former slave, now free African
American who published the North Star
“North Star” = run away slaves could follow the North Star
and freedom
*David Walker= Appeal, urged slaves to resort to violence when
necessary to win their freedom.
Rebellion
*Slaves turn to violent methods
*Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt killed 50 Virginians
*Scared many slave holders in the South
*Led to greater control over slaves = Slave codes passed
Nat Turner led a slave
rebellion in 1831 Virginia
that ended in the deaths of
many whites and blacks.
Anti-Slavery
*Emancipation
*Moral wrong to have slaves
Pro-slavery
*New fears of revolts
*Religious support
.
*Religious reasons
*Values of the Constitution
*Black codes begin
*“Happy” plantation slave myth
**Question What was the Northern reaction to the abolitionist movement? Many
Northerners opposed extreme abolitionism, fearing that it would disrupt the social system. Some
feared that it would result in an influx of African Americans. Others feared that abolition would
destroy the Southerner economy.
Women’s Movement
*Women saw increased opportunities in reform movements
*Abolitionists / Suffrage
Grimke sisters = primarily credited with linking the women's rights
movement to the anti-slavery movement. Angelina Grimké was the first
woman to address a legislative body in the United States.
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Clay Stanton = organized the Seneca Falls
Convention, a meeting to focus on equal rights for women and one that
marked the beginning of the women’s movement.
*Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”
Susan B. Anthony = a leader in the women's rights movement of the 19th
century. Susan B Anthony was the best known speaker and organizer for
woman suffrage.
In 1979, Susan B. Anthony's image was chosen for the new dollar coin, making her the
first woman to be depicted on US currency. The size of the dollar was, however, close
to that of the quarter, and the Anthony dollar never became very popular. In 1999 the
US government announced the replacement of the Susan B. Anthony dollar with one
featuring the image of Sacagawea
Seneca Falls Declaration
*Temperance = many reformers argued that the excessive use of alcohol was one of the major
causes of crime and poverty. These reformers advocated temperance, or
moderation in the consumption of alcohol. Several temperance groups
joined together in 1833 to form the Americans Temperance Union.
Move to ban alcohol = Temperance groups also pushed for laws to prohibit the sale of alcohol.
**Question Why did some reformers advocate temperance? these people believed that the
excessive use of alcohol was the cause of various social problems, such as crime and poverty.
Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860
1. New intellectual and religious movements.
2. Social reforms.
3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in
America.
4. Re-emergence of a second party system and
morepolitical democratization.
5. Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct.
decisions.
6. Increase in American nationalism.
7. Further westward expansion.
“Manifest Destiny”
•
First coined by newspaper editor, John
O’Sullivan in 1845.
• Belief that it is America’s god given
destiny/right to move westward
• A myth of the West as a land of romance
and adventure emerged.

Why move west??????
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Personal Reasons
Religious Reasons
Access to natural resources
Access to land (build or farm)
Entrepreneurship
GOLD, GOLD, GOLD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Trails go west
Santa Fe Trail
Oregon Trail
Independence, Missouri Independence, Missouri
to Santa Fe, New Mexico to Willamette Valley
Oregon
Trade
Lewis & Clark followed
News of wealth = Interest this trail on expedition
Leads to more westward
movements and wealth
for Santa Fe
Mormon Trail
Trail taken by members
of the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Days
Saints
Persecution over
religious beliefs
Groups often traveled the eventually forced the trail
trail annually
to move all the way to
Utah
Salt Lake City becomes
the home of the
Mormons
The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!
 By the mid-1840s,
“Oregon Fever” was
spurred on by the
promise of free land.
 The joint British-U.
S.
occupation ended
in
1846.
Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston
(1793-1863)
Steven Austin
(1793-1836)
Texas Question?
• Moses Austin – Missouri banker
approaches Spain Texas Venture Plan
• Land = Austin building a colony in Texas
• Spain Agrees
• Austin dies, son Stephen F. Austin carry’s
out plans
• Colony established in land best suited for
farming
• San Felipe – social and economic center
of the colony
What about Mexico??
• 1821 - Mexico becomes independent of
Spain
• Mexico passed new colonization laws
concerning Texas
• Land to new settlers →Settlers must be
loyal citizens of Mexico
Texan Independence
• 1830: Mexico seals border and puts heavy tax on
American imports to Mexico
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna: Mexican President,
suspend Mexican Constitution and arrests Austin for
trying to lead a revolt
• Santa Anna revokes local powers in Texas and other
Mexican states  Rebellion occurs, Texas
Revolution takes place
• Battle of Gonzales – opening battle of Texas
Revolution; Texans force Mexican Forces to retreat
The Alamo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mission used as a fort
Texas rebels drove out Mexican forces
Santa Anna responds by storming the Alamo
Santa Anna demands surrender, William Travis
responds with cannon and artillery fire
Mexicans storm fort again
Davie Crocket and Jim Bowie (American
frontiersman die)
Lots of people, even women and children lose
lives
Santa Anna regains the Alamo
Remember the Alamo!
Republic of Texas
• Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna in the battle
of San Jacinto (630 Mexicans die in 18 minutes)
• September 1836: Republic of Texas (Lone Star
Republic) is born
• 1838: Texas Leader Sam Houston invites the
United States to annex Texas
• 1845: Texas is admitted as the 28th state
The Republic of Texas
Election of 1844
•
•
•
•
James K. Polk is elected
Polk support annexation of Texas
Mexico “Annexation = Declaration of War”
March 1845 – Congress passes resolution
annexing Texas
• December 29, 1845 – Texas annexed,
now a state
• Mexican government outraged….War
comes
Polk as Pres!!
• Polk “LET’S EXPAND OUR TERRITORY!”
• Polk “Don’t stop with Texas! California and New Mexico need
to be part of the US.”
• Little Mexican government involvement in CA & NM regions
→ Ability to acquire the territory
• What about the boundary between Texas and Mexico????
– U.S. → Rio Grande separates U.S. & Mexico
– Mexico → Border is as Nueces River
– Money an issue too….American gov’t says Mexico owes
$3 million losses during Mexico’s fight for independence
The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845
 Mexican recognition of the Rio
Grande River as the TX-US border.
 US would forgive American
citizens’claims against the Mexican
govt.
 US would purchase the New Mexico
area for $5,000,000.
 US would California at any price.
John Slidell
The Mexican War (1846-1848)
Causes of War
1. Annexing of Texas
2. Disputes over
Texas/Mexico boundary
3. Manifest Destiny &
Expansion ism
4. “Invasion” of Mexico by
the U.S.
War Comes….
• Polk Orders General Taylor into disputed
area between Nueces and Rio Grande
Rivers.
• Skirmish between Taylor and Mexicans
forces
• Polk uses incident to ask Congress for war
declaration, “Mexico Invaded!!!”
The Bear Flag Republic
The Revolt  June 14, 1845
Americans protest Mexican
rule
Rebels defeat Mexicans
Mexico signs treaty making
California independent
John C. Frémont
Important Cities
Captured
Palo Alto (General
Zachary Taylor)
Veracruz (General
Winfield Scott)
Mexico City
(General Scott)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
•
•
•
•
Negotiated by Nicholas Trist
Mexico gave up claims to Texas
above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California
and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000
and agreed to pay the claims of
American citizens against Mexico
(over $3,500,000).
Results of the Mexican-American War
1846-1848
1. Cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (disease)
2. Mexican Cession
3. New territories = SLAVERY to the center of national
politics and balance of power between North & South
being upset
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for
President.
5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.
The Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase
• Land purchased from Mexico for $10
million
• Significant: Established the current
borders of the lower 48 states
Free Soil Party
Free Soil!
Free Speech!
Free Labor!
Free Men!
 Discontented northern Democrats.
 Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.
 Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new
territories!
The 1848 Presidential Election Results
√
California Gold Rush, 1849
49er’s
Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850
- California
statehood.
- Southern states
threaten
secession.
- Underground RR &
fugitive slave
issues
Compromise of 1850
•
California was admitted as a free state
•
No slavery in D.C.
•
NM, AZ, UT were organized under the rule of popular sovereignty
–
Popular sovereignty: right of the people to vote for or against slavery
•
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed
• All escaped slaves must be returned to their masters, and that
ordinary citizens were required to aid slave-catchers
• North: disagrees with law (resents it) Why?
• South: stops discussing secession; Still unhappy, Why?
•
Resistance: Personal liberty laws – forbids imprisonment of runaway
slaves and guaranteed runaway slaves jury trials
Harriet Tubman
(1820-1913)
Leader of Underground
Railroad
Helped over 300 slaves
to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her
head.
Served as a Union spy
during the Civil War.
“Moses”
Harriet Beecher
Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
 Slavery
is not just
1852
a political contest,
but a moral
struggle
 Sold 300,000
copies in
the first year.
 2 million in a
decade!
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
ß Nativists – favor nativeborn Americans over
Immigrants.
ß Anti-Catholics.
ß Anti-immigrants.
1852 Presidential Election
√ Franklin Pierce
Democrat
Gen. Winfield Scott
Whig
John Parker Hale
Free Soil
Territorial Growth to 1853
Kansas –
Nebraska Act
• created the territories of
Kansas and Nebraska
• opened new lands for
settlement
•
repealed the Missouri
Compromise of 1820
• Supported idea of
“popular sovereignty”
allowed the settlers to
decide whether or not to
have slavery within those
territories.
John Brown – “Bleeding Kansas”
• Took place between 1854 and
1858
• John Brown feels God wants him
fight slavery
• series of violent events, involving
Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and proslavery
• Took place in the Kansas Territory
and the western frontier towns of
Missouri
• Considered a form of guerilla war
Sumner-Brooks Affair
Southerner Preston Brooks attacked antislavery senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate
May 22, 1856 after Sumner’s speech “The Crime Against Kansas”. The attack illustrated the growing
sectional antagonism.
Republican Party
• Formed by Horace Greeley in 1854
• Combined Northern Whigs and Antislavery Democrats
• Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, wanted to
keep slavery out of the territories
1856 Presidential Election
√ James Buchanan
Democrat
John C. Frémont
Republican
Millard Fillmore
Whig
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
• Ruled that people of African descent could never be citizens of the
United States
• Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
• Slaves could not sue in court
• Slaves were private property and can't be taken away from their
owners without due process.
• The decision for the court was written by Chief Justice Roger Taney.
Effects of Dred Scott v. Sanford
Case
• strengthened Northern opposition to slavery in the North
• Deprived African-Americans of citizenship
• **divided the Democratic Party on sectional lines**
• encouraged secessionist elements among Southern
supporters of slavery to make even bolder demands
• strengthened the Republican Party
John Brown & Harpers
Ferry
• John Brown gains support from
Northern Abolitionists for antiSlavery uprising
• 1859 – John Brown attempts to
seize federal arsenal at
Harper’s Ferry, VA
• U.S. Marines led by Colonel
Robert E. Lee attack the
raiders, capturing Brown
Effects of John Brown’s Raid
• Brown gained support from the North
• Increased southerners fear of slave revolts
• United white southerners in support of the
South
• Possibly sped the coming of the Civil War
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, Oct. 1858
A House divided against
itself, cannot stand.
Stephen Douglas & the
Freeport Doctrine
1.Second debate with
Lincoln
2. Popular sovereignty
can be used to
determine if state or
territory should
permit slavery
Republican Party Platform in 1860
ß
Non-extension of slavery (for the Free-Soilers).
ß
Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].
ß
No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment
for the “Know-Nothings”].
ß
Government aid to build a Pacific RR[for the Northwest].
ß
Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.
ß
Free homesteads for the public domain (for farmers).
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Stephen A. Douglas
Northern Democrat
1860
Presidential
Election
John Bell
Constitutional Union
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
Democratic Party Splits, allowing Lincoln, a Republican,
to be elected
1860
Election
Results
Causes of Civil War
Long Term:
Immediate:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Slavery
States’ rights
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act
“Bleeding Kansas”
John Brown
Republican Party
Election of 1860
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Lincoln’s primary
objective when the
Civil War began was to
preserve the Union.
Confederacy
• Confederate States of America
• Confederate Constitution closely
resembles the of the early United States;
Why could that be a problem?
• Slavery is “protected and recognized”
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
War Begins
-Ft. Sumter, SC
- First shots fired
- SC secedes
(Dec 20 1860)
-Virginia Secedes
followed by Ark., NC,
and Tenn.
-11 States Leave Union
to form the CSA
Modern War
-Uses both old and new methods
of war
-Cavalry, Muzzle Rifles,
Battlefield Formations
-Railroads, telegraph, drafts,
submarines, armored ships,
observation balloons
- Medicine – Clara Barton starts
American Red Cross (cared for
wounded soldiers
Strategy-Union
-Constrictor (Anaconda) Plan
developed by Winfield Scott
1.divide the south through the
Mississippi
2.control access to its portsBLOCKADE
3. CAPTURE RICHMOND
Union plan to
Win the war.
By: General Winfield
Scott
Strategy-Confederacy
-defensive battle
FIGHT LONG ENOUGH FOR
THE NORTH TO GIVE UP
-Cotton Diplomacy/European recognition
USE COTTON TRADE TO
GET EUROPE TO SEND
THE RESOURCES NEEDED
TO FIGHT
AdvantagesUnion
Population (68%)
Bank capital (78%)
Railroad Mileage (71%)
Farmland (51%)
Industry (92%)
AdvantagesConfederacy
defending their homes
Know the terrain
strong sectional pride
better military
tradition and
leadership
First Major Battle
-Bull Run; July 1861
- Many feel war will be
short
- Southern victory
-did not pursue the
retreating Union army
-citizens watched the
battle; reality sets in
(No short war)
Shiloh
-April 1862
-costly victory for Grant
-demonstrated the cost of
victory would be great
UNION CONTROL
UPPER MISS. R.
Antietam
-Sept. 1862
-bloodiest single day of the
war
-Union victory for
McClellan
FAILED TO STOP
LEE
LINCOLN ISSUES
EMANCIPATION
PROCLIMATION
AS A RESULT
Vicksburg
-Nov. 1862
-Grant surrounds city on the
Mississippi
-try to split the south
BY CONTROLING
THE
MISSISSIPPI
RIVER
Battle of Fredericksburg
• Lincoln replaces General George
McClellan with Ambrose Burnside
• December 1862
• Burnside orders troops to charge Lee 14
times
• No success, Burnside retreats after losing
almost 13,000 men
• North is demoralized
-Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863
1) ISSUED AFTER ANTIETAM
2) ONLY FREED THE SLAVES IN THE
CONFEDERACY
3) CAUSED EUROPEAN NATIONS TO
Life on the Home Front
Southern Problems:
– Food & supply shortages caused price increases (in
the South)
– Other reasons for increased prices:
• 1) Inflation
• 2) Increased money supply
• 3) Eventually credit
– Enlistment problems cause conscription (forced
military service)
Life on the Home Front
Northern Problems
– Military Draft
– Anti-Draft riots
– Copperheads (Called for Union troops to
desert leading to their arrest)
– Suspension of habeas corpus (right of an
arrested individual to appear in court to face
charges brought against them)
– Lincoln “I will violate the Constitution if it
means saving the union.”
Battle of Chancellorsville
-May 1863
-Union General Hooker leads
force to surprise Confederate
General Lee
-Lee divides army and send
Stonewall Jackson to attack
Hookers right side
- Attack worked, but battle
continued
-Jackson is killed, but Lee wins
battle
-Right time to invade North
again
Gettysburg
-July 1863
North
-Lee invades _____
-Confederates break
through Union lines at
Little Round Top
-Lee orders attack on
Cemetery Ridge
-Pickett’s Charge
-turning point of the
war as Lee is defeated
Battle of Vicksburg
-July 1863
-Grant captures
Vicksburg after
long siege
- South is split
(North has access
to the entire
Mississippi River)
-Grant is called to
command Union
armies
Final Phase
• General William Tecumseh Sherman given
command of Union force in the western front
• Grant vs. Lee
– May 1864: Battle of Wilderness
– May 1864: Battle of Spotsylvania
– Union losses = 32,000 ; Confederate losses =
18,000
– Grant pushes on (to Richmond)
– Battles of Cold Harbor & Petersburg (many more
casualties; nothing gained for Grant
– Lee digs in and waits
Sherman’s March
-burning of
Atlanta
_____________
- Total war
-destroy the will
to fight IN THE
SOUTH
- Starts with
Atlanta and
pushes through
GA, SC, & NC
Grant in Pursuit
-1864
-Lee in retreat
-Grant attacks repeatedly at
great loss of life
-Lincoln wants speedy end to war
War’s End
-April 1865
-Grant surrounds
Lee outside
Richmond
LEE
_____
SURRENDERS
TO _________
GRANT
-surrender at
Appomattox
_____________
Effects of Civil War
• 13th Amendment (Ends/Abolishes slavery)
• Deaths of over 600,000 men
• South is destroyed (physically and
economically)
• Need plans to rebuild
RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
REBUILDING
*Had to rebuild everything
*Political
*Social
*Economic
LINCOLN’S PLAN
*Preserve Union
*Higher cause
*forgiving peace
*“with malice toward none, with charity for all”
*Amnesty to most
*10% of a state’s population must take oath before the state
could rejoin the Union
*Little mention of former slaves
RADICAL PLAN
*Radical Republicans
*Harsher plan
*Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 = very stringent terms, a majority of
the number who had been alive and registered to vote in 1860
would have to swear an “ironclad” oath stating that they were
now loyal and had never been disloyal. This was obviously
impossible in any former Confederate state unless blacks were
given the right to vote.
*Martial Law
*State could not rejoin Union until a majority takes oath
*Bar former Confederate leaders from office
LINCOLN ASSASSINATED
*John Wilkes Booth
*V-P Andrew Johnson becomes President
*President Johnson tried to follow Lincoln’s plan with
additions
*Congress refuses plan
SOUTHERN ECONOMY
-economy was totally destroyed
-currency worthless
-no transportation system
-no gov’t authority
-loss of slave labor: SOLUTIONTENATE
FARMER, SHARECROPPING
____________________________
-growth of gov’t to provide public
services
LANDOWNERS
-plantation owners hardest hit
Slaves gone
Crops destroyed
Fortunes lost
Homes looted
-some radicals thought land should be
divided to slaves as payment for
slavery
-but land was never given to slaves
AFTER SLAVERY
-many slaves left the
plantations
-looked for missing
family
-others simply moved to
new areas
-most did not have the
money to buy any land
PLANTATIONS RESTORED
-many of the poor could not leave: FREEDMEN
HAD NO $ TO BUY LAND, LAND OWNERS
HAD NO $ TO PAY WORKERS
-tenant farming- PEOPLE PAID RENT FOR
THE USE OF THE LAND
-sharecroppers- PEOPLE FARMED THE LAND
FOR A SHARE OF THE CROP.
-the absent idea of “40 acres and a mule”
-cotton is no longer king
FREEDMAN’S BUREAU
-created to help
former slaves adjust
-provided education
and schooling
-helped former
slaves find work
-was never able to
really help most
former slaves
-land reform was
most basic need of
former slaves
Reconstruction
-North becomes weary of
Reconstruction
-Republicans split over
Grant scandals
Credit Mobilier
Whiskey Ring
-Panic of 1873
-Radicals have less and
less control over South
Compromise of 1877
-1876 election
TILDEN and __________
HAYES
-________
run for election
-No electoral winner
-some southern votes are
disputed
HAYES
-__________
is given all
disputed electoral votes
-Southern states threaten
SUCCESSION
_____________ again
Deal is Made
-Compromise is made
HAYES
-__________
wins the election
RESULTING IN:
WITHDRAW
-Northern troops ___________
from the south
RECONSTRUCTION
-_________________ ends
-Home Rule of South reverses
many advances
New Rules
-Black Codes
-Jim Crow laws- SEGREGATION,
SUPPORTED BY:
PLESSY v. FERGUSIONSEPARATE BUT EQUAL
-Segregation
-KKK
political, economic, social
Financial Control
-
Segregation
-decline in freedoms
-end of Freedmen’s Bureau
-end of voting
POLL TAXES
LITERACY TEST
-southern leaders ignored
the Constitution
14th Amendment
(citizenship)
15th Amendments (voting)
New South
-southern economy
eventually emerged
stronger than before
the war
-more industryTEXTILES
-better transportation
-whites were still in
control and blacks were
denied citizenship
-sharecropping replaced
slavery
Imperialism
Isolationism
Isolationism = keeping out of the political
affairs of other countries. America’s policy since
George Washington.
Washington’s advice - Stay out of
Foreign Affairs
Had been the policy of government
Imperialism
-Policy
of taking colonies
for economic interests
-other world powers were building
empires
REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM
-U.S. also needed new
markets for our products
-RAW MATERIALS
-BASES FOR DEFENSE
Motives for Imperialism
To expand economically
To gain political power (competing with other nations)
To gain military power (competing with other nations)
To subjugate other races (the belief in the moral superiority of the
Anglo-Saxon culture)
To satisfy feelings of nationalism
***NOTE = jingoism = the extreme belief that one’s own country is
the best.
Building an Empire
Alaska, 1867
Seward’s Folly
Purchased from Russia
Alaska : Sec. of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska in 1867
for $7.2 million from Russia. It was highly contested in
Congress. Also known as “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s
Folly,” it was generally thought to be useless, but later proved
to be an excellent addition.
Hawaii, 1893
Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by American
sugar planters in Hawaii (Sanford B. Dole). The US
did believe US control of Hawaii was essential for
trade with Asia and did not want another country to
claim Hawaii.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
wrote Influence of Sea Power upon History
advocated acquiring colonies for markets
and building a strong navy to protect those colonies
The United States annexed some of the Pacific islands for all the
following reasons:
to obtain exclusive rights to raw materials
fueling stations for the United States ships
satisfy the demand for territorial expansion