Transcript The Civil War - Cloudfront.net

Chapter 4 – The Union in Crisis
Section Notes
The Nation Splits Apart
The Civil War
Reconstruction
Video
The Nation Splits Apart
The Civil War
Reconstruction
Maps
Quick Facts
Causes and Effects of
Secession
The Generals
Hopes Raised and Denied
Causes and Effects of
Reconstruction
The Conflict Over Slavery
The War in the West, 1861 – 1863
The War in the East, 1861 – 1863
Images
Political Cartoon: Southern
Chivalry
Battle of Chancellorsville
Causes and Effects of the Civil
War
Atlanta
The Nation Splits Apart
11.1.3
The Main Idea
By 1850 the issue of slavery dominated national politics, leading to
sectional divisions and, finally, the secession of the southern
states.
Reading Focus
• How did the issue of slavery influence expansion in the 1850s?
• How did other sectional conflicts influence national politics in the
1850s?
• What was Abraham Lincoln’s path to the White House?
• How and why did the South secede and form the Confederacy?
Kansas, Expansion, and Slavery
• In Kansas, the government left the issue of slavery for the
residents to decide, though there were widely differing opinions.
• During the 1850s, several violent battles took place between
pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, including the Marais des
Cygnes Massacre, when a gang of 30 pro-slavery men gunned
down 11 anti-slavery settlers and killed five.
• So much violence took place that the area was called “Bleeding
Kansas,” and the North and South realized that Kansas would
play a leading role in deciding the slavery issue in America.
• Victory in the Mexican War raised an important question about
U.S. expansion. As new states formed and joined the Union,
would they allow slavery?
• In Congress, only perfect balance between slave and anti-slave
states meant equal representation for both sides.
The Compromise of 1850
•
Adding California to the Union as an anti-slavery state would shift
the balance of power in Congress toward the North.
•
In January 1850 Kentucky Senator Henry Clay introduced a plan to
preserve the balance of power, sparking long debates.
•
After months of debate, Congress passed the Compromise of
1850, which admitted California as a free state, set the Texas-New
Mexico border, outlawed slave commerce in the nation’s capital, and
made slavery a popular sovereignty issue in Utah and New Mexico.
One provision, the Fugitive Slave Act, made it a crime to aid
runaway slaves and allowed the arrest of escaped slaves. Many
northerners actively broke this law, which angered slave owners.
•
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, an anti-slavery book by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
became a huge success despite Southern outrage.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• A proposed railroad to link California with the rest of the nation
caused conflict.
– Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas thought that a northern
route would make Chicago an urban center.
– He proposed organizing the western lands into two
territories, Nebraska, and Kansas.
– To win southern support, he suggested dropping the Missouri
Compromise’s ban on slavery, in favor of popular
sovereignty, where residents vote to decide on the issue.
• In May 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law, which
outraged northerners, weakened the Democrats, and destroyed
the Whig Party.
• Soon after, northern Whigs joined the Free-Soil Party and other
anti-slavery parties to found the Republican Party.
Sectional Conflicts in Kansas
•
In Lawrence, Kansas, a sheriff's posse attacked anti-slavery newspapers
and burned buildings in what is known as the Sack of Lawrence.
– In response, John Brown, an abolitionist, and others killed five proslavery settlers on Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas.
•
Before Kansas could apply for statehood, voters had to approve a
constitution to allow or ban slavery.
– To win votes, both sides raised money and organized to bring in more
settlers.
– Fraud and violence marked early elections. Armed pro-slavery
Missourians crossed into Kansas to vote.
– By 1856 Kansas had two governments— one for slavery and one
against.
•
In 1857 a pro-slavery convention tried to push through a pro-slavery
Kansas constitution, the Lecompton constitution, which allowed slavery
and excluded freed slaves from the Bill of Rights. It was not ratified.
•
Kansas was eventually admitted as a free state, which deepened sectional
divisions.
Events Spark National Political Conflict
Election of 1856
•
The nation was
divided on
presidential
candidates.
•
Democrats nominated
James Buchanan, a
former senator.
•
The New Republican
and American Parties
nominated others.
•
Democrats won by
characterizing
Republicans as
extremists on slavery.
Dred Scott
Decision
• Buchanan had
pledged not to
interfere with
slavery where it
existed.
• Dred Scott, a
slave who lived on
free soil, sued for
freedom.
• The Court ruled
that the 5th
Amendment
protected slave
owners’ rights.
John Brown’s Raid
• Abolitionist John
Brown planned a
raid on the U.S.
arsenal to get
guns for a slave
revolt.
• U.S. Marines
stormed the
arsenal and
captured Brown
and his followers.
• They were tried for
treason and
executed, though
many northerners
thought Brown
was a hero.
Abraham Lincoln Rises
Lincoln’s Upbringing
• Lincoln was born in 1809 in a one-room cabin near Louisville, Kentucky.
• Lincoln’s family was very poor, held no slaves, and opposed slavery. They
moved to the Indiana Territory in 1816.
• In 1828 he got a job on a riverboat from Indiana to New Orleans, and there
had his first contact with slavery at a New Orleans slave auction.
Lincoln’s Early Political Career
• Lincoln moved to New Salem, Illinois, and ran for state legislature.
• He won a seat in the Illinois General Assembly and studied law at home.
• He married Mary Todd, the daughter of a Kentucky slaveholder.
• In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and proposed the radical idea of
“compensated emancipation,” or paying slave owners to free their slaves.
• Lincoln campaigned for successful Whig Party presidential candidate Zachary
Taylor, and was upset that he was not given the position he was promised.
• He resigned from Congress in 1849 and went home to Illinois to practice law.
However, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed all residents to vote on
slavery, sparked him to reenter politics as a Republican.
Debates and Election
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Lincoln defeated Stephen A.
Douglas in the Senatorial race.
– In his acceptance speech, he
called the U.S. “a house
divided against itself” on the
issue of slavery.
– National news attention about
the speech led to the LincolnDouglas debates.
• During the debates:
– Lincoln challenged Douglas on
popular sovereignty.
– In the Freeport Doctrine,
Douglas said people could stop
slavery by refusing to pass
laws allowing it.
– Lincoln called slavery immoral
but denied proposing racial
equality.
The Election of 1860
• Two years later, Lincoln and
Douglas ran against each other
for president, facing hard battles.
• The Democrats were divided and
split completely, as southern
Democrats walked out of the
nominating convention.
• The remaining Democrats
nominated Douglas, and southern
Democrats elected John
Breckenridge.
• Southern moderates started their
own party, the Constitutional
Union Party.
• The Republicans chose Lincoln
because his abolitionist views
were strong but moderate.
• Lincoln won the election in the
North and became president.
Southern Secession: Causes and Effects
• A week after Lincoln’s election, the South Carolina legislature called a
convention to consider leaving the Union.
• They decided for it, and the rest of the Lower South quickly followed,
including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
• Four other states—Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas—also
threatened to secede.
• Though many southerners and even up to 40 percent of delegates opposed
secession, the decision was made by radicals at the convention.
• Northern reactions to secession varied, with some happy to lose the slave
states and others worried about the long-term effects.
Causes of Secession
• The Compromise of 1850
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• The Election of 1860
Effects of Secession
• South Carolina fears a northerncontrolled government will act
against slavery and withdraws
from the Union.
• Several states follow, forming the
Confederate States of America.
The Confederacy is Born
• In February 1861, representatives of the seven seceded states met in
Montgomery, Alabama, to form a new nation. They wrote a constitution
that allowed slavery and guaranteed slave holder’s rights.
• They chose Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. Senator from Mississippi, as
president.
• They created an association of the states called the Confederate States
of America, or the Confederacy, which, problematically, lacked national
currency and official headquarters.
• The House and Senate sought ways to avoid war, including appointing
special committees to suggest possible solutions.
• One plan, the Crittenden Compromise, proposed new constitutional
amendments, including allowing slavery in some parts of America and
compensating slave holders for escaped slaves.
• The negotiations failed, as Lincoln’s presidency was a main reason for
secession. Lincoln privately opposed any extension of slavery, though he
promised in his inaugural speech not to interfere with slavery where it
already existed.
The Civil War
11.1.4
11.3.2
The Main Idea
The Civil War broke out following a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter,
leading to widespread fighting, heavy casualties, and the eventual
defeat of the Confederacy.
Reading Focus
• How did the Civil War begin, and what were some early battles?
• What was life like during the Civil War?
• How did continued fighting turn the tide of the war?
• What happened in the final phase of the war?
The Civil War Begins
• In 1861 Lincoln sent only non-military supplies to the struggling soldiers at Fort
Sumter, one of few Union-held places in the South.
• The Confederacy opened fire on Fort Sumter and the Civil War began.
• Lincoln called for volunteers to join the northern army and slave states in the Union
were forced to choose sides.
• Questions rose over border states such as Maryland and Missouri, which went to the
Union, and Kentucky, which went to the Confederacy.
• The North and South had different goals and advantages for war.
Northern Goals and Advantages
• Goals:
Southern Goals and Advantages
• Goals:
– Preserve the Union
– Preserve their way of life
– Abolish slavery
– Be left alone with slavery
unchanged
• Advantages:
– Larger population
– More railroads
• Advantages:
– Nation’s best soldiers
– Cotton exports for foreign aid
Tactics, Technology, and Battle
Though the top generals of both sides were trained at West Point
and knew military tactics from the Mexican War, this Civil War
was different for many reasons:
– Far deadlier weapons, including better rifles, machine guns,
and exploding shells
– The use of observation balloons and camouflage
– Officers and government communicated quickly by telegraph.
– Railroads moved large numbers of troops quickly
The Battle of Bull Run near Washington, D.C. was the war’s
first major battle. Untrained troops on both sides transformed
the battle to chaos and ended hopes for a short war.
Different Regions of the War
War in the West
War in the East
• Gaining control of the Mississippi
River would split the Confederacy
in two.
• Union general George B.
McClellan delayed his attack on
the Confederate capital at
Richmond.
– In early 1862 Union general
Ulysses S. Grant opened
two major water routes into
the western Confederacy.
• Grant moved South, winning a
major victory at the Battle of
Shiloh in Tennessee, but the
fierce battle dashed northern
hopes that the rebellion would
collapse on its own.
• A Union fleet under Admiral
David Farragut moved north
along the Mississippi, capturing
New Orleans and other river
cities.
• Confederate general Robert E.
Lee lured Union forces to the
Second Battle of Bull Run in
Virginia, and won.
• Defeat in Virginia hurt northern
morale, so Lee wanted to
invade Maryland, hoping a
victory on Union soil would
force northern surrender or gain
foreign trust and aid.
• The Battle of Antietam, the
bloodiest of the war, was
considered a Union victory only
because it stopped Lee’s
northern invasion.
African Americans during the Civil War
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the South, slave labor helped to provide the food necessary to
feed the Confederate army.
Thousands of slaves, however, escaped to join invading Union
troops, and many were hired.
As the fighting continued, some northerners wanted not only to
preserve the union but to punish the South for its slavery policies
and free the slaves.
On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, freeing enslaved people in all areas that were in
rebellion against the U.S.
Some northerners opposed the proclamation, others thought it
did not go far enough.
The proclamation encouraged freedmen to join Union forces,
where almost 180,000 African Americans served in segregated
units.
Conditions at War and at Home
•
•
•
Conditions for
Soldiers
The Home Front
Women and War
Most soldiers died not
from wounds but from
contagious diseases
and illness due to
poor sanitation and
polluted water.
• Southerners
suffered property
damage, food
shortages, and
inflation.
• Some women
disguised themselves
as men and enlisted
in the army, while
some worked as
spies.
Soldiers spent most
of their days in camp,
doing drills, writing
letters home, and
playing games.
Conditions were
terrible for prisoners
of war at
overcrowded camps
and prisons.
• The Confederacy,
started the first U.S.
draft and the North
followed, which
caused riots.
• Anti-war
demonstrators hurt
the Union war effort,
They were called
Copperheads by
critics and were
jailed without trial.
• Women took over
daily life at home, on
plantations, and in
factories.
• About 3,000 women
served in the Union
army as nurses
• Some women, such
as Clara Barton,
cared for the
wounded on
battlefields.
Fighting Continues
• The Civil War tore America apart, but it also had international effects.
– Union naval blockades stopped the South from trading with the world.
– When blockades became hard to cross southerners used blockade
runners, or low, sleek ships that took cotton to Caribbean ports for
transfer to Europe.
– Southerners made an ironclad ship that withstood cannon fire to break
through the blockade, but when the North built one also, the first
ironclad battle took place and changed naval warfare forever.
• Though most action was in the East, forces also clashed west of the
Mississippi River over natural resources, additional soldiers, and territory.
– Congress admitted Kansas, Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada territories as
free states, then they created Idaho, Arizona, and Montana territories.
– Lincoln appointed pro-Union officials to head the territories.
– He did not enforce the draft in the West, though many joined voluntarily.
• More than 10,000 Native Americans fought, many for the Union.
Three Major Battles
• After disastrous Union losses at Fredericksburg in December 1862,
Union forces were ready to fight again by spring.
• General Joseph Hooker was now in command, and he led three major
battles in 1862 and 1863.
Chancellorsville
•
Hooker planned to
take Richmond by
surprise.
•
Lee marched his
army west, leaving
some behind as a
distraction.
•
Lee ordered a
surprise attack and
won the battle.
Gettysburg
• Lee tried to invade
the North again.
• In this three day
battle, troops held
positions for two
days, until 15,000
Confederate troops
charged the center
lines and in the
battle lost most of
their troops. Lee
retreated to Virginia.
Vicksburg
• Meanwhile, Grant
took Vicksburg, a
Confederate
stronghold in
Mississippi.
• He shelled the city
for weeks, trying
to starve out
defenders, until
they surrendered.
The Final Phase
Campaigns of 1864
The Election of 1864
• After major victories, the Confederacy
won the Battle of Chickamauga, but
Grant rescued the Union at
Chattanooga.
• While Sherman took Atlanta, the
Democrats chose popular General
George McClellan as their candidate.
• Lincoln gave Grant control of all the
Union armies, and Grant moved the
Army of the Potomac further and
further south, despite heavy losses in
the Battle of the Wilderness and the
Battle of Spotsylvania.
• After the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant
began a siege of Richmond to cut
supplies to the capital.
• Then Union general Sherman invaded
Georgia, laid siege to Atlanta, closed
railroad access to the city, and forced
Confederate general Hood’s troops to
abandon the city.
• The Republicans chose Andrew
Jackson, a pro-Union Democrat, as
Lincoln’s vice president to help
Lincoln’s wavering appeal.
• The Emancipation Proclamation and
high casualties made the war
unpopular and even Lincoln
expected to lose the election.
• News of Sherman’s Atlanta capture
shifted public opinion, and Lincoln
defeated McClellan, allowing
Congress to pass the Thirteenth
Amendment ending slavery.
The War Ends
•
•
•
•
•
•
As Lincoln began his second term in March 1865, the war seemed
nearly over. Lincoln announced his intention to be forgiving to the
South in order to build up the nation’s strength.
After the election, Sherman’s troops marched across Georgia in
“Sherman’s March to Sea,” and burned much of Atlanta.
Sherman believed that striking at economic resources would help win
the war. His troops slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, and looted
homes and businesses.
Eventually Confederate leaders were forced out of Richmond, and
and Lee surrendered when he found his troops surrounded.
Lee and Grant met to negotiate terms of the Confederacy’s surrender,
which were very generous for such a long and bitter conflict: Lee’s
troops were to turn over their weapons and leave.
The North celebrated, but Lincoln’s assassination in 1865, before the
official end of the war, changed the course of American history.
Reconstruction
11.1.3
11.1.4
The Main Idea
Conflicting plans for dealing with the post-Civil War South had longlasting effects on government and the economy.
Reading Focus
• What were the differing plans for presidential Reconstruction?
• What was congressional Reconstruction?
• What happened when Radical Republicans took charge of
Reconstruction?
• Why did Reconstruction end, and what were its effects on American
history?
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
• In late 1863 Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,
offering forgiveness to all southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and
supported emancipation.
• Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan stated that once 10 percent of a southern state’s
voters took the oath, they could organize a new state government, which had
to ban slavery.
Lincoln’s Plan Sparks Debate in Congress
•Some Congress members thought re-admitting states to the Union was only
a power of Congress; some thought the South never officially left the union.
•Others thought southern states should go through the same admission
process for statehood as territories.
Congress Responds, Tragedy Strikes
• Congress’ own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, required a majority of a state’s
white men to pledge the oath, not just 10 percent. It was vetoed by Lincoln.
• Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865, and didn’t live long
enough to carry out his Reconstruction plans for the South.
Johnson’s Plan
• After Lincoln’s death, Vice President Andrew Jackson became
president.
• Though he was a Democrat, Republicans thought he would work
with them because he didn’t seem as forgiving as Lincoln.
• As a Tennessean from a poor family, Johnson didn’t dislike the
South, just wealthy planters.
• Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln’s, with a few changes.
The Reconstruction Plan:
Reactions in the South:
• Added wealthy southern men to
the list of those who needed to be
pardoned by government
• Former Confederates took state
offices and were sent to
Congress.
• Did not, according to Charles
Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, and
other powerful members in
Congress, provide any role in
government for freedmen, or
those freed from slavery
• The Black Codes were formed,
keeping freedmen in a
dependent position and
providing cheap farm labor.
• Was welcomed by white
southerners, who could form state
governments on their own terms
• Private groups formed like the
Ku Klux Klan, who enforced
the Black Codes and terrorized
African Americans and their
supporters.
Congress Takes Control
• Most northerners supported Johnson’s plan, until the Black Codes
and the return of former Confederates to power upset them.
• That strengthened Radical Republicans, who wanted a stronger
Reconstruction program to reshape southern society politically and
economically, and to help freedmen gain equality.
• After Congress reconvened in 1866, moderate Republicans, who
controlled both the House and the Senate, proposed two bills.
The first supported the
Freedmen’s Bureau, an
organization Congress created in
1865 to help former slaves and
poor whites in the South. It
allowed the bureau to build more
schools and provide other aid.
The second bill was the Civil
Rights Act of 1866, which
gave African Americans
citizenship and guaranteed them
the same legal rights as white
Americans.
Both bills passed in Congress, but Johnson’s veto led moderate
Republicans to help Radical Republicans take over Reconstruction.
Radical Reconstruction
• To protect the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Congress passed the Fourteenth
Amendment, requiring states to grant citizenship to everyone born or
naturalized in the United States and promising “equal protection of the
laws.”
• In the 1866 congressional elections, Radicals gained enough votes to take
over Reconstruction, and passed four Reconstruction Acts
• The acts set three conditions for readmission.
– Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
– Write new state constitutions that guaranteed freedmen the right to vote
– Form new governments to be elected by all male citizens
• Congress also passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, requiring the
Senate’s permission to remove any official it appointed.
• When Johnson tested the act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who
supported Radical Republicans, the House voted to impeach him.
• The Senate lacked one vote for the two-thirds majority they needed to
remove Johnson from office.
Republicans in Charge
• Republicans chose Civil War war hero Ulysses S. Grant as their
candidate in the 1868 presidential election.
• About half a million African American votes gave Grant the victory.
• Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment, protecting African
American male voting rights.
• As Congress took control of Reconstruction, discrimination slowed
and the Black Codes were repealed.
• White southerners who
supported Reconstruction were
called scalawags, or
scoundrels, by ex-Confederates.
• This varied group included
farmers who wanted the wealthy
class’s power, those ruined by
the war, and business leaders
who wanted to stop the South’s
dependence on agriculture.
• Northerners who came south
to join in the region’s rebirth
were called carpetbaggers.
• They also came from varied
backgrounds, including
politicians, teachers,
Freedmen’s Bureau officers
and former soldiers.
• Some were African
Americans.
Freedom Brings Changes
• Freedom meant African Americans could search for long-lost
relatives, own land, and have jobs of their choice.
• Many freedmen moved to urban areas, mainly in the South, but
were met with prejudice and low pay.
• Some went West, becoming business owners, miners, soldiers,
or cowboys.
• Freed slaves eagerly sought education. The Freedmen’s Bureau
started more than 4,000 schools.
• African Americans also established churches, created trade
associations, fire companies, employment agencies, and mutual
aid societies.
Economic Changes
•
For many freedmen, owning land meant freedom, but even those with
money found landowners unwilling to sell to them and give them
economic independence.
•
A new labor system gradually arose.
Sharecroppers received a share of their employers’ crops. The
employer provided land, shelter, seeds, animals, and tools. The
sharecropper provided labor.
Tenant farmers rented their land from landowners and could grow
any crop. Many grew food crops, not cotton, to provide both food
and income.
•
It was hard for tenant farmers and sharecroppers to rise out of poverty.
•
While the rural South suffered economic hardship, southern cities grew
rapidly as railroads linked North and South.
•
Southern business leaders and northern investors joined to build mills
and other ventures, but this did not help freedmen or poor southerners.
Reconstruction Ends
Violence
Discontent
• Violence plagued the South
during Reconstruction.
• Eventually, most people were
unhappy with Reconstruction.
• The KKK and similar groups
terrorized minorities.
• The army still had to keep the
peace in the South, and the
Republican government seemed
ineffective.
• Terrorists targeted African
American leaders and people of
both races with burnings and
violence.
• They beat Freedmen’s Bureau
teachers and murdered public
officials, many of whom resigned.
• When state governments couldn’t
control violence, Congress
passed Enforcement Acts that set
penalties for trying to prevent a
qualified citizen from voting.
• The Acts also gave the army and
federal courts the power to
punish Klan members.
• African Americans were
unhappy about their poverty
and lack of land reform and all
were discouraged by the
South’s poor economy.
• Some said Reconstruction
governments were corrupt.
• These conditions strengthened
the Liberal Republicans, who
broke party and helped
Democrats win back Congress
in 1872.
The Impact of Reconstruction
• By the mid-1870s it was clear that Reconstruction was ending.
• Its fiercest leaders, Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, had died.
• Supreme Court decisions, such as the Slaughterhouse Cases, in which the
Court said that most civil rights were under state control and not protected
by the Fourteenth Amendment, weakened its protections.
• As support for Reconstruction declined, southern Democratic leaders and
supporters grew bolder.
• Lawlessness and violence against Republican candidates increased, and
some were murdered.
• When Mississippi’s governor asked Ulysses S. Grant for help in 1875, he
refused.
• In the 1876 presidential election, Rutherford B. Hayes was given the
presidency when Republicans promised to withdraw federal troops from the
South, causing the collapse of Republican state governments.
• Some called the post-Reconstruction South “the New South.”
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