Transcript Reconstruction

Objectives
1. The learner identify differences between the North and South.
2. The learner will explain the political conditions that gave rise to
the Republican Party and divided the Whigs.
3. The learner will describe the conflicts that led to secession.
State Standards
6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs.
steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods).
6.3 Identify major urban areas of the United States on a map (i.e., Northeast, upper Midwest, Atlantic Coast,
California).
6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or
ranching).
6.9 Recognize the economic disparity among farmers, wage earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared
to industrial capitalists.
CHAPTER 4: THE
UNION IN PERIL
BEFORE, DURING AND
AFTER THE CIVIL WAR
1850-1877
THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF
SLAVERY
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Over the centuries, the
Northern and Southern
sections of the United States
developed into two very
different cultural and
economic regions
The key difference between
the North and South that
ultimately led to the Civil War
was the Southern economy
depended on slavery, while
the Northern economy did
not.
There were also differences in
geography and climate, as
well as religious differences
THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR
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Family working the cotton
field on a Plantation
Rural plantation
economy
Relied on slave labor
“Peculiar Institution”
created tension
Southerners feared
the loss of slavery
would mean loss of
culture
THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR
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The North had a more
diverse economy
Industry flourished
The North openly
opposed slavery in
the South and the
new territories
The North was more
urbanized than the
South
BOSTON HARBOR
SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
The issue of
whether slavery in
California and the
West would be legal
led to heated
debates in Congress
 Gold rush led to
application for
statehood for
California

CALIFORNIA BECAME
A STATE IN 1850
COMPROMISE OF 1850
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Southerners threatened
secession over issue
Henry Clay presented a series of
resolutions, later called the
Compromise of 1850, which he
hoped would settle the
controversy over slavery.
For the North: California would
be admitted as free state
For the South: A more effective
fugitive slave law
John C. Calhoun led the fight
against the Compromise of 1850.
Residents of New Mexico & Utah
would vote themselves-”popular
sovereignty”
The residents of the territory
decide whether a territory would
become free or slave under
popular sovereignty.
CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE
Section 1 – The Divisive Politics
of Slavery – Vocabulary
Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from
the Union.
Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the
residents vote to decide an issue.
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
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
A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS
Under the law, runaway
slaves were not entitled
to a trial by jury
Anyone helping a slave
escape was jailed for 6
months and fined $1,000
Northerners were upset
by the harshness of the
new law and often helped
hide fugitive slaves
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
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
Escape from slavery was
dangerous and meant
traveling on foot at night
As time went on, African
Americans and white
abolitionists developed a
secret network of people
who would hide fugitive
slaves
”Conductors” would hide
runaways in tunnels and
even kitchen cupboards
Section 1 – The Divisive Politics
of Slavery – Vocabulary
Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from
the Union.
Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the
residents vote to decide an issue.
Underground Railroad- a system of routes along
which runaway slaves were helped to escape
to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
HARRIET TUBMAN
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HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913
One of the most
famous conductors
was Harriet Tubman
Tubman escaped
slavery and vowed to
help others do the
same
She made 19 trips
back to South and
freed over 300 slaves
(Including her own
parents)
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
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In 1852, Harriet
Beecher Stowe
published her influential
novel, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, which provoked
increased protests
against the Fugitive
Slave Act.
The book stressed the
moral evil of slavery
Abolitionist protests
increased
Instant best
seller sold
500,000 by
1857
Author Harriet
Beecher Stowe
TENSION BUILDS IN KANSAS
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vs.
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After Stephen Douglas
worked to pass the
Kansas-Nebraska Act
in 1854, Kansas would
vote to decide on
whether slavery would
be legal or outlawed
This contradicted the
36’ 30’ of the Missouri
Compromise
BLEEDING KANSAS
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The race for Kansas was
on. Both supporters and
opponents attempted to
populate Kansas to win
the vote over slavery
As the election neared, a
group of pro-slavery
“border ruffians” from
Missouri attempted to
cross into Kansas
Violence erupted –
Blooding Kansas is the
legacy
Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas
is admitted as a free state in 1861
NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE
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Know-Nothing members answered
questions by saying, “I know Nothing”
The political landscape by
1856 was very different
than it had been just a few
years earlier
Gone was the Whig Party
The Democrats were still
alive but faced increasing
challenge from new parties
An alternative was the
Know-Nothing Party
THE FREE-SOILERS
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Another party that
emerged in the mid-19th
century was the FreeSoilers
Free-Soilers were
northerners who opposed
slavery in the territories
Free-Soilers objections to
slavery were based on
economics not moral
objection to slavery
They believed slavery
drove down wages for
white workers
“Soil”
REPUBLICANS EMERGE AS
LEADING PARTY
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
Republicans won all but 3 presidential
elections from 1861-1933
In 1854, opponents of
slavery in the territories
formed a new political
party, the Republican
Party
As the party grew it took
on Free-Soilers, some
anti-slavery Democrats
and Whigs, and KnowNothings
THE DRED SCOTT DECISION
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A major Supreme Court
decision occurred when slave
Dred Scott was taken by his
owner to free states Illinois &
Wisconsin
Scott argued that that made
him a free man
The Supreme Court declared
being in free territory did not
make a slave free in the Dred
Scott decision.
In the Supreme Court ruling
against Dred Scott slaves were
defined as property, which the
Fifth Amendment of the
Constitution protected.
The decision increased
tensions over slavery
DRED SCOTT LOST HIS
CHANCE AT FREEDOM
LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES
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The 1858 race for U.S.
Senate in Illinois was
hotly contested between
Republican Abraham
Lincoln and Democrat
Stephan A. Douglas
One of the most
celebrated debates in
history ensued as the
topic was slavery in the
territories
Douglas wants popular
sovereignty to decide if
state is free or slave
Lincoln considers slavery
immoral; wants
“THE LITTLE GIANT” VS. “HONEST ABE”
constitutional amendment
HARPER’S FERRY
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ARSENAL
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BROWN
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While politicians debated the
slavery issue, John Brown
plotted a major slave revolt
On October 16, 1859, he led a
band of 21 men, black and
white, into Harpers Ferry,
Virginia
John Brown’s aim at Harpers
Ferry was to seize a federal
arsenal and start a widespread
slave uprising, but troops put
down the rebellion.
Brown was tried and executed
1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
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Republicans
nominated Abe
Lincoln while the
Democrats split
Abraham Lincoln won
the 1860 election with
less than half the
popular vote and no
Southern electoral
votes
The Southern states
were not happy
LINCOLN MEMORIAL
1860 ELECTION RESULTS
SOUTHERN SUCESSION
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Lincoln’s victory in 1860
election convinced Southerners
that they had to act quickly
South Carolina led the way, the
secession of the Southern
states began in December of
1860
Mississippi was next, then
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, & Texas
Southern delegates met in
February, 1861, the
Confederacy was formed and
former senator Jefferson Davis
was elected president of
Confederacy
Section 1 – The Divisive Politics
of Slavery – Vocabulary
Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from
the Union.
Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the
residents vote to decide an issue.
Underground Railroad- a system of routes along
which runaway slaves were helped to escape
to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
Confederacy- the Confederate States of America,
a confederation formed in 1861 by the
Southern states after their secession from the
Union.
Section 1 – The Divisive Politics
of Slavery – Vocabulary
Secession- the formal withdrawal of a state from
the Union.
Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the
residents vote to decide an issue.
Underground Railroad- a system of routes along
which runaway slaves were helped to escape
to Canada or to safe areas in the free states.
Confederacy- the Confederate States of America,
a confederation formed in 1861 by the
Southern states after their secession from the
Union.
THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS:
SECTION 2
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When the Civil War began,
Abraham Lincoln’s main goal
to restore the Union.
The first battle of the Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought at
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
on
April 12, 1861
Soon after, Virginia,
Arkansas, North Carolina and
Tennessee seceded
(Confederate states = 11)
Virginia split on whether to
leave Union (West Virginia
formed)
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
STRATEGIES
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
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U.S.S. St. Louis, First Eads
Ironclad Gunboat
The South was content to have
a defensive strategy
Many Southerners hoped
dependence on cotton would
force Great Britain to formally
recognize the Confederacy as
an independent nation.
The Northern strategy going
into the war included a naval
blockade, a plan to split the
Confederacy by going down
the Mississippi river, and
capturing the Confederate
capital city of Richmond,
Virginia
NORTH HAD ADVANTAGES
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The North and South
were not evenly
matched
The North had many
advantages including;
More people
More factories
More food production
More railroads
Better communication
SOUTH HAD ADVANTAGES
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The South had some
advantages over the
Northern forces
First rate military
leadership
Highly motivated
soldiers
Only had to defend
their land – not attack
North
THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN
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First major bloodshed of
the war occurred at Bull
Run near Washington,
D.C. – Summer 1861
This battle made
Confederate General
Thomas Jackson earned
the nickname “Stonewall
Jackson.”
Nicknamed “Stonewall
Jackson” he inspired the
Confederates to hold firm
Confederate victory
ACTUAL PHOTOS OF BULL RUN AND
boosted moral
GENERAL JACKSON
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
THE CLASH AT ANTIETAM
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
BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN
HISTORY 9/17/1862
Union General George
McClellan confronted
Confederate General Robert E.
Lee in Antietam, Maryland
The single bloodiest day in
American history --- 26,000
died
Lee and the Confederates
retreated, McClellan did not
follow- Lincoln fires him
General Robert E. Lee drove
Union forces away from
Richmond in the spring of
1862.
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --26,000 died.
Civil War 1861-1862
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
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As the war progressed,
Lincoln used his powers to
end slavery in the North with
the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Just as Union troops could
seize Confederate supplies,
Lincoln authorized the army
to seize and emancipate
slaves
Emancipation was not just a
moral issue; it became a
weapon of war
An important effect of the
Emancipation Proclamation
was that it gave a moral
purpose to the war.
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --26,000 died.
Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued
by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the
slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.
JANUARY 1, 1863
CONSCRIPTION ISSUES
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DEPICTION OF NEW
YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS
Both sides dealt with social
unrest during the Civil War
Both Union and Confederate
leaders imposed conscription,
a draft that forced men into
the army.
Both President Lincoln and
Confederate leader Davis
suspended Writ of Habeas
Corpus
Draft riots occurred in New
York City as some thought
draft process was unfair to the
poor and immigrants
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --26,000 died.
Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued
by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the
slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.
Conscription- the drafting of citizens for military service.
AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT
FOR FREEDOM
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
Although only 1% of
the North’s
population, by the end
of the war 180,000
African Americans
fought for the Union
(10% of Union Army)
However, they were
segregated and
earned lower wages
See: Glory
SOLDIERS SUFFERED ON BOTH
SIDES


GETTYSBURG
Heavy casualties on
both sides were
worsened by
conditions on the field
Disease, poor
nutrition, and
inadequate medical
care were common
features of the war
DISEASE ACCOUNTED FOR 76%
OF DEATHS IN CIVIL WAR
WOMEN WORK TO IMPROVE
CONDITIONS
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While women were
not in combat, 3,000
women served as
Union nurses
Carla Barton was a
famous Union nurse
Known as the “Angel
on the Battlefield” she
went on to form the
American Red Cross
after the war
The War Affects Regional
Economies
Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation
 Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry
 North’s standard of living declines
 Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war

Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --26,000 died.
Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued
by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the
slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.
Conscription- the drafting of citizens for military service.
Income Tax- a tax on earnings.
Section 2 – The Civil War
Begins – Vocabulary
Fort Sumter- the first battle of the American Civil War
(1861-1865) was fought here on April 12, 1861.
Bull Run- first major bloodshed of the war occurred here
near Washington, D.C. – Summer 1861.
Antietam- the single bloodiest day in American history --26,000 died.
Emancipation Proclamation- an executive order issued
by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the
slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines.
Conscription- the drafting of citizens for military service.
Income Tax- a tax on earnings.
Objectives
1. The learner will understand the events that led to the Civil War,
the course and outcome of the war, and the establishment and
eventual failure of Reconstruction.
2. The learner will explain how decisive battles, such as
Gettysburg and Vicksburg, changed the tide of the war.
3. The learner will describe instances of total war waged by Grant
and Sherman.
4. The learner will explain how the war changed the nation and
people’s lives.
State Standards
6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs.
steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods).
6.3 Identify major urban areas of the United States on a map (i.e., Northeast, upper Midwest, Atlantic Coast,
California).
6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or
ranching).
6.9 Recognize the economic disparity among farmers, wage earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared
to industrial capitalists.
THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE:
SECTION 3
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

In a small town in
Pennsylvania, the most
decisive battle of the war
was fought
Gettysburg was a threeday battle fought in early
July of 1863
The Union had 90,000
troops under George
Meade and the
Confederates had 75,000
troops under General Lee
GETTYSBURG JULY, 1863
GETTYSBURG
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

ROBERT E. LEE
The three-day battle produced
staggering losses: 23,000 Union
soldiers and 28,000
Confederate soldiers were
wounded or killed
After the Confederate retreat,
Robert E. Lee gave up any hope
of invaded the North and
retreated
It is considered the turning point
of the Civil War because it
crippled the Confederacy so
badly that Confederate troops
would never again be able to
invade the Northern state
The battle of Gettysburg was the
only time the South invaded the
North, a battle with heavy
casualties on both sides, and a
devastating defeat for the
Confederates.
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning
point of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy
so badly that Confederate troops would never again be
able to invade the North.
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
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In November 1863, a
ceremony was held to
dedicate a cemetery in
Gettysburg
Abe Lincoln spoke for less
than two minutes, but
inspired a nation with his
address
Some say his Gettysburg
Address “remade America”
The Gettysburg Address
helped Americans realize
that the United States was
a single nation, not just a
collection of individual
states.
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning
point of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy
so badly that Confederate troops would never again be
able to invade the North.
Gettysburg Address- a famous speech delivered by Abraham
Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national
cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG
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U.S. GRANT MEMORIAL
In the Spring of 1863
Union General
Ulysses S. Grant
fought to take
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Grant ordered two
frontal attacks on
Vicksburg
With the fall of Port
Hudson and
Vicksburg, the Union
finally achieved its
goal of cutting the
Confederacy in two.
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning
point of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy
so badly that Confederate troops would never again be
able to invade the North.
Gettysburg Address- a famous speech delivered by Abraham
Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national
cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Vicksburg- an important waterway for transporting goods
where the Union army finally achieved its goal of cutting
the Confederacy in two.
CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN
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After the twin defeats at
Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
the Confederate morale was
destroyed
Many Southern soldiers had
deserted
Ulysses S. Grant was the
general who won at Vicksburg
and became commander of
all the Union armies.
Grant and General Tecumseh
Sherman were now in control
of the Union Army
The aim of “total war” as
practiced by Union generals
Grant and Sherman was to
break the Southern people’s
will to fight.
UNION GENERAL SHERMAN
SHERMAN’S MARCH
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
In the spring of 1864,
Sherman began his
march southeast through
Georgia to the coast
William Tecumseh
Sherman troops created
a path of destruction as
they burned homes,
destroyed livestock and
railroads
After reaching the sea,
his troops (included
25,000 former slaves)
turned Northward
ELECTION OF 1864
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
Despite the war, politics
continued as the North
held a presidential
election in 1864
While some Northerners
were dismayed as to the
length of the war and
Lincoln was pessimistic
about his re-election, he
defeated General
McClellan easily
DISGRUNTED GENERAL
MCCLELLAN LOST 1864 ELECTION
SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX



On April 3, 1865, Union
troops conquered
Richmond, the
Confederate capital
On April 9, 1865 in a
Virginia town called
Appomattox, Robert E.
Lee and Ulysses S. Grant
met to arrange a
Confederate surrender
At Lincoln’s request the
terms were generous
LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning
point of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy
so badly that Confederate troops would never again be
able to invade the North.
Gettysburg Address- a famous speech delivered by Abraham
Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national
cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Vicksburg- an important waterway for transporting goods
where the Union army finally achieved its goal of cutting
the Confederacy in two.
Appomattox Court House- town near Appomattox, Virginia,
where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, thus
ending the Civil War.
DEADLY WAR BRINGS CHANGES




U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
The Civil War was the
deadliest war in American
history
Over 620,000 died nearly as many as all
other U.S. wars combined
The role of the federal
government increased
Economically the gap
between North and South
widened
The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000
men. Their losses, by the best estimates:
Battle deaths: 110,070
Disease, etc.: 250,152
Total
360,222
The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of
missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated
losses:
Battle deaths: 94,000
Disease, etc.: 164,000
Total
258,000
War
Deaths
% of Total War
Deaths
Year for
Population
Estimate
Estimated
Population
Deaths/
Population
Revolutionary
War
4,435
0%
1783
2,963,726
0.15%
War of 1812
2,260
0%
1815
8,439,167
0.03%
Mexican War
13,283
1%
1848
21,966,171
0.06%
624,511
49%
1865
35,000,846
1.78%
2,446
0%
1898
73,565,688
0.00%
World War 1
116,516
9%
1918
103,262,929
0.11%
World War 2
405,399
32%
1945
141,745,184
0.29%
Korean War
36,516
3%
1953
159,725,011
0.02%
Vietnam War
58,152
5%
1973
210,274,081
0.03%
Civil War
SpanishAmerican
War
THE 13TH AMENDMENT


Lincoln believed a
Constitutional
Amendment was
needed to ensure
freedom for slaves
The 13th Amendment
outlawing slavery was
ratified in 1865
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning
point of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy
so badly that Confederate troops would never again be
able to invade the North.
Gettysburg Address- a famous speech delivered by Abraham
Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national
cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Vicksburg- an important waterway for transporting goods
where the Union army finally achieved its goal of cutting
the Confederacy in two.
Appomattox Court House- town near Appomattox, Virginia,
where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, thus
ending the Civil War.
Thirteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S.
Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery
and involuntary servitude.
LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED




The play was a British comedy
called, My American Cousin
On April 14, 1865 Lincoln
was shot in the head by
actor John Wilkes Booth
while attending a play in
Washington, D.C.
He was the first president
ever assassinated
His killer, John Wilkes
Booth escaped, but was
shot and killed later
More than 7,000,000
Americans turned out to
mourn -1/3rd of population
WE INTERRUPT THIS POWERPOINT
FOR A COMPARISON BETWEEN ABE
LINCOLN AND JOHN KENNEDY
LINCOLN AND KENNEDY: A COMPARISON
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters.
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.
Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.
Both were shot in the head.
Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy.
Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln.
Both were assassinated by Southerners.
Both were succeeded by Southerners.
Both successors were named Johnson.
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.
Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
John Wilkes Booth, accused of assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839.
Lee Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy, was born in 1939.
Both assassins were known by their three names.
Both names comprise fifteen letters.
Booth ran from the theatre and was caught in a warehouse.
Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theatre.
Booth and Oswald were both assassinated before their trials.
Section 3 - The North Takes
Charge – Vocabulary
Gettysburg- three-day battle that is considered the turning point
of the Civil War because it crippled the Confederacy so
badly that Confederate troops would never again be able to
invade the North.
Gettysburg Address- a famous speech delivered by Abraham
Lincoln in November 1863, at the dedication of a national
cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Vicksburg- an important waterway for transporting goods where
the Union army finally achieved its goal of cutting the
Confederacy in two.
Appomattox Court House- town near Appomattox, Virginia,
where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, thus
ending the Civil War.
Thirteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S.
Constitution, adopted in 1865, that has abolished slavery
and involuntary servitude.
Objectives
1. The learner will understand the events that led to the Civil War,
the course and outcome of the war, and the establishment and
eventual failure of Reconstruction.
2. The learner will describe various Reconstruction plans and
analyze the political consequences of the plans.
3. The learner will describe how Reconstruction affected life in the
South for white Southerners and former slaves.
4. The learner will explain the reasons for the end of
Reconstruction.
State Standards
6.1 Identify how the effects of 19th century warfare promoted the growth of industrialism (i.e., railroads, iron vs.
steel industry, textiles, coal, rubber, processed foods).
6.3 Identify major urban areas of the United States on a map (i.e., Northeast, upper Midwest, Atlantic Coast,
California).
6.7 Recognize technological and industrial advancements to the era (i.e., advancements in mining, farming or
ranching).
6.9 Recognize the economic disparity among farmers, wage earners, immigrants, or racial groups when compared
to industrial capitalists.
RECONSTRUCTION: SECTION 4



The Civil War had ended.
Slavery and secession
were no more.
Now what?
How does the Union
integrate the South back
into American society?
How do 4 million newly
freed African slaves
integrate themselves into
society?
1865-1877
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
THE POLITICS OF
RECONSTRUCTION

ANDREW JOHNSON
The politics of
Reconstruction was
complicated by the
fact that Lincoln, his
VP and successor
Andrew Johnson, and
the Congress all had
different ideas of how
Reconstruction
should be handled
LINCOLN’S PLAN



Lincoln made it clear that
he favored a lenient
Reconstruction policy
His Ten Percent Plan
called for a pardon of all
Confederates who would
swear allegiance to Union
(oath)
When 10% of the voting
population of a state took
the oath, a state would be
readmitted into the Union
JOHNSON’S PLAN


After Lincoln’s death, his VP
& successor Andrew
Johnson announced his
own plan
It differed only slightly from
Lincolns: He excluded high
ranking Confederates and
wealthy planters from the
oath, but did pardon 13,000
while contending that,
“White men alone must
manage the South”
The Politics of Reconstruction

Radical Republicans
consider the
presidents plan too
lenient: [Visual]
 want
to destroy
political power of
former slaveholders
 want full citizenship
and suffrage for
African Americans

The leader of the
Radical Republicans
was Charles Sumner.
Radical Republicans. Standing (left to
right): J. Wilson, G. Boutwell, J.
Logan; seated; B. Butler, T.
Stevens, T. Williams, J. Bringham.
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
CONGRESS PLAN



Congress worked hard to shift
the focus of Reconstruction
from the President to the
Congress
The action that showed
President Andrew Johnson did
not support greater rights for
African Americans in the South
was when he vetoed the
Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the
Civil Rights Act of 1866.
The Fourteenth Amendment
was intended to overrule and
nullify the Dred Scott decision,
which Congress passed in
1866.
Congress overrode Johnson’s
veto of Freedmen’s Bureau
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT


FROM HARPER’S MAGAZINE 1866 –
BLACKS CELEBRATE
One of the important
acts passed by
Congress was the
Civil Rights Act -1866
This law gave African
Americans citizenship
and forbade states
from passing laws
discriminating against
former slaves (Black
Codes)
FREEDMEN’S BUREAU


Congress also passed
the Freedmen’s Bureau
Act which provided much
needed aid to African
Americans
Included in the Act was
money for education,
hospitals, social services,
churches, and help with
labor contracts and
discrimination cases
EDUCATION WAS AN IMPORTANT PART
OF THE BUREAU
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
TH
14
AMENDMENT



In 1866, Congress
passed the 14th
Amendment which
provided legal
backing to the Civil
Rights Act
It prevented states
from denying rights to
people based on race
This nullified the Dred
Scott decision
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867




Congressional Republicans
again joined forces to pass the
Reconstruction Act
This act voided the state
governments formed in the
South under the Presidential
plans and instead divided the
south into 5 military districts
The states were required to
grant black men the right to vote
and to ratify the 14th Amendment
In general, the provisions of the
Reconstruction Act of 1867
included: the South would be
divided into military districts,
Southern states had to pass the
Fourteenth Amendment, and
Southern states had to give
African Americans the right to
vote.
“First
Vote”
This image depicts an artisan, a
businessman and a soldier standing
in line to cast their first ballot
JOHNSON IMPEACHED




GALLERY TICKET FOR
JOHNSON IMPEACHMENT
HEARING
Radical Republicans felt
Johnson was blocking
Reconstruction efforts
Thus, they looked for
grounds to impeach him
They found grounds
when he fired a cabinet
member in violation of the
“Tenure of Office Act”
He was impeached, but
not convicted and served
out his term
1868 ELECTION



Civil War hero U.S.
Grant ran as a
Republican against
Democratic nominee
Horatio Seymour
Grant won by a margin
of 300,000 in the
popular vote
500,000 African
Americans voted – 90%
for Grant
th
15
AMENDMENT



Soon after Grant’s
election, Congress
passed the 15th
Amendment
This amendment stated
that no one could be kept
from voting because of
“race, color, or previous
servitude”
The 15th Amendment was
ratified in 1870
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that
prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or
because they have previously been slaves.
RECONSTRUCTING SOCIETY



The South went
through significant
changes after the war
The economy was in
ruins and they lost
hundreds of thousands
of young men
Republicans now
dominated politically,
but often with
conflicting goals
MANY SOUTHERN CITIES
SUFFERED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE
SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS

3 groups made up the bulk of
Southern Republicans



CARPETBAGGERS
SCALAWAGS

1) Scalawags: White farmers
(small farms)
2) Carpetbaggers: Northerners
who came south in search of
opportunity after the war
3) African Americans: Former
slaves- 90% of whom were
Republican
The reason the new
Republican governments in
the South had difficulty after
the Civil War was because
many white Southerners
refused to accept equal rights
for blacks.
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that
prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or
because they have previously been slaves.
Scalawag- a white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War.
Carpetbagger- a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War.
AFRICAN AMERICANS



HIRAM REVELS – FIRST
BLACK SENATOR
African Americans
took an active role in
the political process in
the South
They voted in record
numbers and many
ran for office
Hiram Revels was the
first black Senator
40 ACRES AND A MULE



Despite Sherman’s
promise of “40 acres and
a mule” few former
slaves received anything
Republicans considered
property to be a sacred
American right
Therefore, most
plantation owners kept
their land
SPIKE LEE’S PRODUCTION COMPANY IS
CALLED “40 ACRES AND A MULE”
SHARECROPPING AND TENANT
FARMING


ARKANSAS SHARECROPPERS
Without land of their
own, Southern African
Americans could not
grow their own crops
Thus, many became
sharecroppers– farmers
who agreed to give most
of their harvest to
landowners in exchange
for use of the land,
seeds, and tools.
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that
prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or
because they have previously been slaves.
Scalawag- a white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War.
Carpetbagger- a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War.
Sharecropping- a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in
return for a part of the crops they raise.
SHARECROPPING IN THE SOUTH - 1880
THE COLLAPSE OF
RECONSTRUCTION


While some Southern
whites participated in the
new governments, voted
in elections, and
reluctantly accepted
African Americans--others were very resentful
and formed hate groups
Most famous vigilante
group was the Ku Klux
Klan, or the KKK
KU KLUX KLAN




The Klan was formed by
disgruntled Confederate soldiers
whose goals included destroying
the Republican Party, aiding the
planter class, and preventing
blacks from integrating into society
Estimates range as high as 20,000
murders attributed to the Klan
whose membership peaked at
almost 4 million in the 1920s
To curb violence of the Ku Klux
Klan in the South, Congress
passed the Enforcement Acts of
1870 and 1871.
The federal government eventually
had to send troops into the South
because it had to limit acts of
violence and voter intimidation
against African Americans.
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that
prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or
because they have previously been slaves.
Scalawag- a white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War.
Carpetbagger- a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War.
Sharecropping- a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in
return for a part of the crops they raise.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to
restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.
CONGRESS SUPPORT FADES

When Congress
passed the Amnesty
Act returning voting
rights to 150,000
Confederates and
allowed the
Freedmen’s Bureau
to expire—it became
clear that Southern
Democrats were back
in political control
DEMOCRATS “REDEEM
SOUTH”



Lack of Republican unity in
the South and an economic
downturn that diverted
attention from Southern
issues, caused Democrats
to regain control of the
South
Called “Redeemers” these
politicians were out to
reclaim Southern culture,
pride and tradition
The Reconstruction Era was
over by 1877
Section 4 – RECONSTRUCTION Vocabulary
Freedmen’s Bureau- a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.
Reconstruction- the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the
defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.
Radical Republicans- one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War,
wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African
Americans full citizenship and the right to vote.
Fourteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that
makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former
slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws.
Fifteenth Amendment- an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that
prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or
because they have previously been slaves.
Scalawag- a white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War.
Carpetbagger- a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War.
Sharecropping- a system in which landowners give farm workers land, seed, and tools in
return for a part of the crops they raise.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to
restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.