Transcript Bellringer
Bell Ringer
• Have you ever been without electricity for
long periods of time? How did you spend
your time? What if an enemy were shelling
you while you lived in caves?
• How did photography changed the way
people saw the war?
American History Chapter 4:
The Civil War
III. The Tide of War Turns
A) Setting the Scene
• Drummer boys used to conduct traffic
during the war.
• Both sides aimed for them.
B) Victories for General Lee
• Burnside goes after Lee
• “Few men have risen so high upon so
slight a foundation as Burnside”
a) The Battle of Fredericksburg
• Union 122,000 South 79,000
• South across the river on the heights
18)Battle of Fredericksburg: 1862,
Virginia, won by the South
• Burnside ordered charge after charge
• Lee lets him cross
• North 13,000
South 5,000
• Burnside resigns
b) The Battle of Chancellorsville
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Lincoln promoted Joseph “Fighting Joe”
Hooker, “May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have
none” – Thought the US needed a dictator.
Hooker goes after Lee. Lee had to divide his force. After the 1st day of
fighting, he sends Jackson on a 12 mile march around Hooker, attacks
and crushes the Union – Hooker – cannonball – Darkness saves the
Union army. Jackson goes to scout out the Union – fired on by his own
troops. The next day Early attacked and a cannonball almost killed
Hooker. Fighting done in the Wilderness - fire
19)Battle of Chancellorsville: Virginia,
Union loss
• Lee’s most brilliant victory – costly
Jackson died, “I have lost my right arm”
C) The Battle of Gettysburg
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Morale low in the North – Lincoln, “If there is a worse place than
Hell, I am in it”
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Lee out of supplies and another victory in the
North might end the war.
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Union army follows him North
• Gettysburg had shoes
• Wheel shape
• Skirmish starts
20)Battle of Gettysburg: greatest battle ever
fought in the US – Union won.
• Hooker replaced by Meade
a) July 1st, 1863
• The Greatest battle ever fought on the North American Continent
began as a clash over shoes
• South invade from the North, the North come from the South.
• South push the North out of the town into the
high ground.
• Union 2,000 – South 10,000 both sides called for reinforcements
• Union had the right guy at the right place, at the right time. General
John Buford was in charge of the Calvary
• He had his men dismount and a form a defensive line on Culp’s Hill
and Cemetery Ridge. They had breech rifles (Sharps). They held
out the entire day until General Hancock reinforced them.
• 8th Illinois Cavalry
Do not write
• South failed to take Cemetery Ridge on the first day. It
would come back to haunt them.
• Both armies had gathered. 65,000 South and 85,000 for
the North on the night of July 1st.
• Lee had no idea how many men the North had, General
Jeb Stuart of his cavalry was missing.
• North had the high ground in the shape of a fishhook.
• General James Longstreet (Corps commander) advised
Lee to move towards DC and fight on ground of their
choosing. Lee said no. Longstreet later said that, “when
fighting got in Lee’s blood, there was no stopping him”
b) July 2, 1863
Meade is in command of the North after Hooker asked to be
relieved.
Gave orders that any man falling back would be shot on sight.
Lee ordered the hills taken
General Ewell attacked the Union right and took Culp’s hill.
Longstreet attacked the Union left
with orders to take Little Round Top.
Little Round Top
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Union General Sickles actually abandoned his position on Little Round Top.
Meade ordered him back but it was to late, Longstreet attacked. Sickles
men were destroyed fighting at the Peach Orchard, Wheat Field, and Devils
Den.
Longstreet ordered 15th Alabama to take Little Round Top. If they could
take Little Round Top they could fire cannons on the entire Union line.
• Only defense was the 20th Maine under Colonel Joshua
Chamberlain and his 386 men.
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Five times they withstood charges. Finally they ran out of ammo.
Retreat????? Charge!!!!! Fighting was hand to hand. 20th Maine won.
Chamberlain was wounded 5 times and lost 1/3 of his men.
• Maine soldiers saved the Union army and possible the
Union from defeat
July 3rd, 1863
• General JEB Stuart was finally stopped by headlong charge by
Union cavalry by 23 year old General George Armstrong Custer
• Lee ordered a direct frontal attack on the center of the Union line.
Started with a cannon barrage.
21) Pickett’s
Charge: 14,000 Confederates lead
by General Pickett attacked the center of the
Union defense. 7,000 died.
• General Armistead actually led 150 men that penetrated the Union
line. (angle) (Hancock)
• Lee retreats with 28,000 casualties
• North had 23,000 casualties
• More casualties in Gettysburg then the entire Vietnam War.
• Lee would never again invade the North
D) Vicksburg: July 4th, 1863
• Between December 1862 and April 1863
Grant made several attempts to capture
Vicksburg
• Sat on a high bluff, surrounded by
swamps.
• Vicksburg: City on the Mississippi, it
was a stronghold that prevented the
Union from taking control of the
Mississippi
a) Grant Attacks
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William Tecumseh Sherman: Union General that
served under Grant
Grant tries 5 times to take Vicksburg
Attack with Sherman through swamp. 2. Dig a canal to drain swamp. 3. Dig a
canal to bypass Mississippi. 4. Send gunboats. 5. Send gunboats and Sherman
at same time.
Vicksburg knew that a siege was coming, big business was cave building
wants to send the gunboats by Vicksburg at night and link his army up with them
south of Vicksburg. Then, use the boats as a bridge and get on the other side of
the river.
Under the cover of darkness the navy went for it. 4 ships did not make it. Grant
crossed the Mississippi.
First thing Grant does is capture Jackson (supplying Vicksburg) and burn it to the
ground.
5 battles fought to try and keep Grant from Vicksburg. Biggest was at Champions
Hill.
Grant wins all five battles and lays siege to Vicksburg.
b) The Siege of Vicksburg
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Grant tried to take the city by frontal attack. Did not work so he lade siege
to the city
22) siege: when a city or army is surrounded and
starved into surrender
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Throughout the siege, the Union fired 2,800 cannon balls a day.
Rats appeared for sale in the city’s butcher shops
• Total war: form of war where you attack everything
including civilians and the economy of the enemy
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Siege lasted 47 days. For 2 days Grant was so drunk he could not stand.
• Pemberton received a letter from his men about
surrender, decided to do it on the Fourth of July – better
terms
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Vicksburg did not celebrate the Fourth until 81 years later.
E) The Importance of 1863
• July 4th, 1863 turning point of the War –
advantage Union.
• July 8th Port Hudson surrendered to the
Union
• Lincoln, “The Father of Waters again goes
unvexed to the sea”
F) The Gettysburg Address
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November 19, 1863 – Gettysburg ceremony
Lincoln was not even the main speaker
Main speaker, Edward Everett talked for two hours.
Lincoln spoke for two minutes.
• 23) Gettysburg Address: Lincoln’s speech that was
given at Gettysburg
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Afterwards crowd did not like it.
Everett said, “I should be glad, if I could flatter myself that I came as near to
the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes.”
• Lincoln, in 2 min. captured the meaning of the Civil War
and redefined the meaning of the US.
• Freedom and equality no longer belongs to a few white
men.
Review
• What was the importance of Lee’s victories at
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville?
• How did the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg
turn the tide of war?
• Which do you think was a more significant
turning point: Vicksburg or Gettysburg?
• Why was 1863 a pivotal year?
• What is the message of the Gettysburg
Address?