Transcript Chapter 22 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865

Chapter 22
Girding for War: The North
and the South, 1861-1865
Anitha Varikattu
Secession of the Union
North and South couldn’t be separated
because it was geographically impossible
 If secession did occur, problems would
emerge such as, the paying of national
debt, and the ownership of joint territories
 Foreign view US wouldn’t be as
powerful, if it was separated; European
countries would try to gain access into the
Americas again
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Battle of the Forts
The seceding states had taken US
arsenals, and other such buildings within
their borders when they had left
Fort Sumter was one of the only forts
remaining in US possession.
It was running low on supplies, and Lincoln
wanted to send supplies, so he sent the
fort supplies
South Carolina thought that this was a
reinforcement tactic by Lincoln, so they
attacked the fort, the general at the Fort
surrendered.
Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood
Border States [slave states] Missouri,
Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia
 Lincoln wanted these states to join the union. So
he had to say that he wasn’t trying to end
slavery, but trying to preserve the union
 Some Native American tribes such as the
Cherokees joined forces with the South, because
the Native Americans had slaves, so they felt
that they shared a common cause with the
South
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Advantages and Disadvantages of
the North vs. the South
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South only had to fight
defensively on interior lands
Had talented officers such as
General Robert E. Lee.
Southerners were taught to
fight at a very young age
High morale
Didn’t have a lot of factories, so
there wasn’t a lot of
manufacturing; shortage of
supply
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Had to fight on a great amount
of land, and then join it to the
union
Officers weren't as competent
as the south
Northerners weren't used to the
military life style
Controlled the sea; had a
superior navy, and established a
blockade
Had a greater population so
more manpower
More factories, so there was no
real problem of shortages on
supplies
Dethroning King Cotton
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Foreign nations depended on the import of cotton
from the south, but countries such as Britain and
France had a supply of cotton stored up, so they
sided with the North
But later on the supply of cotton ended, and some
Americans sent food to the unemployed workers,
and Union armies brought or captured back cotton
which they sent to the foreign nations
Problems in the AngloBritain Relationship
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Trent Affair (1861)Union warship stopped a
British ship Trent, and removed two Confederate
diplomats who were on their way to Europe. Britain
was outraged, and demanded an apology, and the
release of the prisoners. Lincoln agreed to this later
on, and released the prisoners
Alabama Britain was building confederate ships
such as Alabama. Alabama captured many of the
Union ships. It was finally destroyed in 1864. The
North was upset that Britain was going against its
original neutrality agreement. Britain realized it was
going against it, but continued to build these ships
Foreign Flare-ups
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Laird Rams (1863) two confederate warships
built in Britain designed to destroy the Union
Ships. North got mad, and London decided not to
send the ships to the confederacy
Canada Irish Americans decided to raise tiny
“armies” and invade Canada. Canada was
outraged that the US went against the neutrality
agreement
Canada became a nation in 1867
Mexico City Napoleon III sent an army in 1863
and in the next year pronounced Austrian
archduke Maximilian as emperor; Napoleon was
going against the Monroe Doctrine
President Davis vs. President
Lincoln
President Davis
 Wasn’t very popular;
tried very hard to
keep the Confederacy
a nation
 Had trouble with his
congress
 Defied public opinion
rather than lead it
 Confederate
Constitution couldn’t
prevent its states from
seceding.
President Lincoln
 Was popular
 Capable of changing
public opinion
 North had a long
established govt. was
financially stable, and
recognized abroad,
and at home.
Limitations on wartime Liberties
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Abraham Lincoln often went against the
Constitution in his actions
Did not get Congress’ approval in certain
situations such as the blockade on the South,
and the increasing size of the army.
Suspended habeas corpus
Gave $2 million to three private officials for
military purposes
“supervised” the voting in the Border states
Volunteers and Draftees: North and
South
North
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first majority of the army was volunteers
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Congress passed the Draft in 1863; Had to go or else pay $300
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Draft unfair to the poor; rich people could pay people to go in their place,
or just pay the $300, the poor couldn’t
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Draft not liked in the North; New York City, a riot broke out
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“Bounty Brokers” people that combed the poorhouses, and taverns and
found people to enlist for them
South
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relied mainly on volunteers as well
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Population was small, so the draft came a year earlier than the North; any
man capable of seeing lightning and hearing thunder, could join the army
 Draft was similar to the north in that rich people could exempt themselves
from going into the army
The Economic Stresses of War
North
North had money so the economic stresses
weren’t that bad
Raises excise taxes on tobacco, and
alcohol; an income tax was levied; custom
receipts helped as well
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)increased duties
about 5-10%; increased throughout the war,
to raise revenue, and provide protection for
prosperous manufacturers
Washington Treasury issued green
backed paper money, its value determined
by the nations credit; inflation was occurring
as a result of that
National Banking System (1863)designed
to establish a standard bank note currency;
banks that joined the National Banking
System could buy government bonds, and
issue paper money backed by the National
Banking System
South
The South was doing bad
Customs duties decreases as a result of the
Union blockade
Confederate bonds were sold at home and
abroad
Richmond Regime increased taxes, and
imposed a 10% levy on farm produce
South opposed direct taxation by central
authority
Forced to print blue backed paper money;
Inflation occurred
“Shady” Millionaires in the
North
 New Factories emerged, because of the new protective prices;
Manufacturers and Business people brought in the fortunes of the
war
 Millionaire Class emerged
 Dishonest people received an enormous amount of profit; ex:
some northern manufacturers supplied shoes with cardboard
soles, or uniforms of “shoddy” wool or reprocessed wool
 Labor saving machinery helped North to grow economically;
ended custom tailored clothing
 Discovery of petroleum gushers in 1859 send a group of “FiftyNiners” to Pennsylvania
 Opportunities for Women emerged women had to take the place
for the men that had left for the army; Elizabeth Blackwell helped
organize the US Sanitary Commission to provide medical supplies
and assistance to armies
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
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The Civil War greatly hurt the South
The South had possessed 30% of the national
wealth in 1860, but in 1870 only acquired 12%
Average Southern income decreased to 2/5 of
the Northern income
Transportation collapsed; also the supplies of
goods diminished
Women worked hard for the war effort; stopped
using the luxuries that they had before the war.