Transcript chapter 8 powerpoint - Polk School District

Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 8:
The Civil War, A
Nation in Conflict
Study Presentation
Georgia
and the American Experience
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Road to War
The War on the Battlefield
Life for the Civil War Soldier
Life During the Civil War
Section 1: The Road to War
• Essential Question
– What strategies were selected to win
the Civil War?
Section 1: The Road to War
• What words do I need to know?
– conscription
– blockade
– blockade runner
– King Cotton Diplomacy
– strategy
The War Begins
• April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T.
Beauregard leads bombardment of Fort
Sumter, in Charleston Harbor
• Federal troops and laborers inside Fort
Sumter surrender on April 13
• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia secede from the Union
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for
75,000 troops to put down the rebellion
and protect Washington
Assembling Armies
• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but
later men were conscripted (drafted to
serve in the armies)
• Some men received bounties (money)
to sign up; some signed up, received
the bounty, then deserted
• Poorer men sometimes accepted
money to fight in place of wealthier men
who didn’t want to serve
Resources, North and
South
• North had more people from which to create
and resupply armies
• North had more factories, better railroad
system, and most of the nation’s farms and
wealth
• South had more experienced military leaders,
and were highly motivated to defend their
familiar homeland to win independence
Blockade Strategy
• Union blockaded all Southern ports to
prevent cotton exports and imports of
weaponry from foreign countries
• Privately operated blockade runners
successfully slipped past Union ships to
ship goods to and from Europe during
the war
• The Union Navy included many
ironclads (armored ships)
Other Wartime Strategies
• “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze
Confederacy to death by capturing the
Mississippi River and cutting off
Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas
• Capturing Richmond, the capital, might
have ended the war early, but General
Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army
prevented that for years
Late War Strategy
• Destroy Confederate armies on the
battlefield
• Lay waste to the Southern land, so that
civilians would call for an end to the war
• General William T. Sherman’s “March to
the Sea” through Georgia was
successful in the “lay waste to land”
strategy
Southern Strategies
• Wear down the Union armies, which would
hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war
• Use swift raiders to help break the Union
blockade
• King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop
exports to England and France to inspire those
nations to help break the Union blockade;
France and England instead starting importing
Egyptian cotton
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What were the major battles that took
place in Georgia?
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• What words do I need to know?
– Chickamauga
– Atlanta Campaign
– Emancipation Proclamation
Freeing the Slaves
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation on September 22, 1862
• Document gave the Southern Confederacy a
choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or
keep fighting and slaves would be forever
free
• Deadline was January 1, 1863
• The Confederate leaders continued the war
and the slaves were declared free by the
United States government in 1863
The Fall of Fort Pulaski
• More than 100 battles or skirmishes in
Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the
Atlanta and Savannah campaigns
• First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick
Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island
• Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare
for the first time; the Confederates
surrendered the fort in less than two days
• No brick American forts were built after this
battle
The Battle of Chickamauga
• September 1863
• Seven miles south of Chattanooga,
Tennessee
• Chattanooga was major railroad center
• Union troops were driven back to
Chattanooga; Confederates did not follow-up
on their victory
• Union reinforcements later recaptured
Chattanooga
The Atlanta Campaign
• Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s
Union Army fought series of battles against
Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army
• Confederates continued to retreat further
southward into Georgia
• June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at
Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman lost but
continued toward Atlanta
• July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston,
battled Sherman, then concentrated defenses in
Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege
• Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to
fight, but that didn’t work
• Fighting continued during July and August
1864
• Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the
city on September 1
• Sherman burns the city in mid-November
then begins his march toward Savannah and
the sea
The March to the Sea
• Sherman’s Union army destroys everything in
its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah
• A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed,
and ruined during a two-month period
• Estimated losses exceeded $100 million
• Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in
December 1864
• Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of
cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North
The Civil War Ends
• January 13, 1865: Fort Fisher in North
Carolina captured;the last Confederate
blockade-running port
• General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia
cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at
Petersburg; he surrenders his army at
Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees
and is eventually captured in Irwinville,
Georgia
Civil War Prisons
• Both North and South had prisons for
captured soldiers; thousands of men on both
sides died in these prisons
• Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia,
was overcrowded, and offered poor food,
contaminated water, and poor sanitation;
13,700 Union soldiers are buried there
• Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison
commander, was later hanged for “excessive
cruelty”
• Andersonville is now home to the National
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Prisoner of War Museum
Section 3: Life for the
Civil War Soldier
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was life like for the common
soldiers of the Civil War?
Section 3: Life for the
Civil War Soldier
• What words do I need to know?
– Sutler wagon
– rations
– common soldier
The Civil War Soldier
• Most were under the age of 21; over 250,000
were 16-years-old or younger
• Most came from lower socioeconomic
groups; wanted to seek adventure or escape
boredom of farm life
• Rations (portions of food) were generally
better for Northern soldiers than Southern
soldiers
• Sutler wagons followed troops, and sold
soldiers a variety of goods and foods; their
items were very expensive, however
Uniforms and Supplies
• In the early months of the war, troops
wore a variety of uniforms; sometimes
armies were hard to tell apart
• The Confederate soldiers eventually
wore gray pants or butternut-dyed
homemade clothes
• Union soldiers wore blue uniforms, most
mass produced in factories
Weaponry
• Forty-inch barrel Springfield rifles
replaced single-shot, muzzle-loading
.54 caliber rifles
• Confederate soldiers often fought with
foreign rifles, but when they broke, they
depended on rifles they could gather
from the battlefield
• Infantry on both sides carried long
fighting blades
Camp Life
• Boredom between battles was common
• Men wrote and read letters, played
practical jokes, played games, or sang
• Many men whittled, carving items out of
wood, bone, and other material
• Games of baseball were common
• Religious gatherings, including Bible
and singing were popular
Black Soldiers
• Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black
regiments during the Civil War
• The 54th Massachusetts, led by Col. Robert
Shaw (a white officer) led an assault on Fort
Wagner, South Carolina in 1863; the battle
proved the value of black troops
• 3,500 black men from Georgia fought in the
Union Army
• The Confederate government in 1865 passed
a law allowing black slaves to fight in
Southern armies; the war ended before a
black regiment was organized
Latino Service
• Many immigrants from Spain and Latin
America were recruited for the Union Army
• Admiral David Farragut, a Latino, became
first U.S. Naval Admiral; he was a hero for
capturing Mobile Bay and other ports
• Loreta Velazquez fought for the Confederacy
(disguised as a man) and served as a
Confederate spy
• Several states contributed entire Latino
battalions
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 4:
Life During the Civil War
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was life like for civilians during
the Civil War?
Section 4:
Life During the Civil War
• What words do I need to know?
– hardships
– shortages
– volunteers
Women in the Civil War
• Food, items for clothes, and basic items were
in short supply, especially in the South
• Staples like flour, coffee, and sugar were very
expensive or hard to acquire
• Women tried to keep their families fed and
sheltered despite the difficulties
• Many fought disguised as men; others served
as spies; many worked in factories
• Female nurses were much valued
Women of Note
• Phoebe Pember of Savannah helped
administer a division in a major Richmond
hospital
• Captain Sally Tompkins ran a Southern
military hospital
• Clara Barton, a Union nurse supervisor, later
founded the American Red Cross
• Mary Boykin Chesnut of South Carolina left a
prized written record of the wartime life
Children During the War
• Most did chores at home to help their
families or contribute to the war effort
• Children in the South had basically no
public schools; wealthy families could
continue with private tutoring
• Boys as young as 10 served in both
armies; thousands of soldiers were
between 14- and 16-years-old
The Aftermath
• 620,000 people died during the war;
about two-thirds died from diseases,
wounds, or military prison hardships
• Healing of emotional wounds took far
longer than the war itself
• The North or the South would never be
the same again
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Click to return to Table of Contents.