Transcript Georgia and the American Experience

Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 8:
The Civil War, A
Nation in Conflict
Study Presentation
Adapted by Ms. Bray
Georgia
and the American Experience
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The
The
Life
Life
Road to War
War on the Battlefield
for the Civil War Soldier
During the Civil War
Section 1: The Road to War
• Essential Question
– What strategies were selected to win
the Civil War?
Section 1: The Road to War
• What words do I need to know?
– Conscription (drafted in army)
– blockade
– blockade runner
– King Cotton Diplomacy
– strategy
The War Begins : Fort Sumter
• April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard leads Confederate
Forces during bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor,
South Carolina
• Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrender on April 13
• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia secede from the
Union
• President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the
rebellion and protect Washington
Assembling Armies
• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but
later men were conscripted (drafted
to serve in the armies) (Tell 2 people what
conscription means.)
• Some men received bounties (money)
to sign up; some signed up, received
the bounty, then deserted
• Poorer men sometimes accepted
money to fight in place of wealthier men
who didn’t want to serve
Resources:
North and South
• North had more
people from which
to create and
resupply armies
• North had more
factories, better
railroad system, and
most of the nation’s
farms and wealth
• South had more
experienced
military leaders,
and were highly
motivated to defend
their familiar
homeland to win
independence
Pg. 258 How many states remained in the Union? How
many seceded?
Blockade Strategy
• Union blockaded all Southern ports to
prevent cotton exports and imports of
weaponry from foreign countries
• Privately operated blockade runners
successfully slipped past Union ships to
ship goods to and from Europe during the
war to the South.
• The Union Navy included many ironclads
(armored ships)
• What was the purpose of a Union
blockade of Southern ports?
• Point to the blockade.
• How important were blockade
runners to the South?
Other Wartime Strategies
• “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the
Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas
….basically splitting the South in half
• Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but
General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for years
Late War Strategy
• Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield
• Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end
to the war
• General William T. Sherman’s “Atlanta Campaign” (Burning of
Atlanta) and “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in
the “lay waste to land” strategy (page 263)
Southern Strategies
• Wear down the Union armies, which would
hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war
• Use swift raiders to help break the Union
blockade
• King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop
exports to England and France to inspire those
nations to help break the Union blockade;
France and England instead starting importing
Egyptian cotton
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Pg. 263 Using your book and notes, answer these
questions. Use the “call-a-friend” help if needed.
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What were the major battles that took
place in Georgia?
Section 2:
The War on the Battlefield
• What words do I need to know?
– Chickamauga
– Atlanta Campaign
– Emancipation Proclamation
Freeing the Slaves
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
on September 22, 1862
• Document gave the Southern Confederacy a
choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or
keep fighting and slaves would be forever free
• Deadline was January 1, 1863
• The Confederate leaders continued the war
and the slaves were declared free by the
United States government in 1863
• REMEMBER!
• The Emancipation Proclamation did NOT
outlaw slavery…..it FREED current slaves.
• The 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
outlawed slavery.
• KNOW THAT! Tell 2 people now!
• Pg. 267 - 268
The Fall of Fort Pulaski
Pg. 268
• More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in
1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns
• First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee
Island
• Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the
Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days
• No brick American forts were built after this battle
The Battle of Chickamauga
• September 1863
• Just inside Georgia, seven miles south of
Chattanooga, Tennessee
• Chattanooga was major railroad center
• Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga;
Confederates did not follow-up on their victory
• Union reinforcements later recaptured
Chattanooga
• Indian meaning for Chickamauga
is “River of Death.”
NORTH WON.
pg. 271
The Atlanta Campaign
pg. 273
• Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of
battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army
• Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia
• June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman
lost but continued toward Atlanta
• July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then
concentrated defenses in Atlanta
The Battle of Atlanta
• Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege
• Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t
work
• Fighting continued during July and August 1864
• Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the city on September 1
• Sherman burns the city in mid-November then begins his march
toward Savannah and the sea
Battle of
Atlanta
Battle of
Atlanta
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman’s Union army destroys
everything in its path, 300 miles from
Atlanta to Savannah
• A sixty mile-wide area is burned,
destroyed, and ruined during a two-month
period
• Estimated losses exceeded $100 million
• Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in
December 1864
• Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of
cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North
• The South lost 75% of its total wealth by
the end of the Civil War.
The Civil War Ends
• January 13, 1865: Fort
Fisher in North Carolina
captured;the last
Confederate blockaderunning port
• General Robert E. Lee’s
Army of Virginia cannot
defeat Union General U.S.
Grant at Petersburg; he
surrenders his army at
Appomattox Courthouse on
April 9, 1865
• Confederate President
Jefferson Davis flees and is
eventually captured in
Irwinville, Georgia
pg. 274
Civil War Prisons
•
Both North and South had prisons for
captured soldiers; thousands of men on
both sides died in these prisons
•
Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia,
was overcrowded, and offered poor food,
contaminated water, and poor sanitation;
13,700 Union soldiers are buried there
•
Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison
commander, was later hanged for “excessive
cruelty”
•
Andersonville is now home to the National
Prisoner of War Museum
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Pg. 276. Using your book and notes, answer the following
questions. You may use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed.
Section 3: Life for the
Civil War Soldier
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was life like for the common
soldiers of the Civil War?
Section 3: Life for the
Civil War Soldier
• What words do I need to know?
– Sutler wagon
– rations
– common soldier
The Civil War Soldier
•
Most were under the age of 21; over
250,000 were 16-years-old or
younger
•
Most came from lower
socioeconomic groups; wanted to
seek adventure or escape boredom
of farm life
•
•
Rations (very rigid portions of food)
were generally better for Northern
soldiers than Southern soldiers
Sutler wagons followed troops, and
sold soldiers a variety of goods and
foods; their items were very
expensive, however
Page 278….
Soldiers from both North and South had to
depend on food found in the woods or taken from
farms. The term favored by the soldiers was “liberating”
chickens, hogs, pies, and eggs.
For soldiers with money, hunger pangs could be eased
by a visit to the sutler wagons. Though not a part of the
military, sutler wagons followed behind the troops and
were packed with food, razors, writing papers and pens,
sewing needles, and other goods.
Prices, especially those for food, were often
double or triple the item’s normal cost. A dozen eggs,
for example, could set the soldier back $6, which is
expensive even by today’s standards but which was a
small fortune to a soldier in Civil War days.
By far the most valuable item, particularly
during the summer, was water. Many men on both
sides of the battles were felled not by bullets or cannon
fire, but by dehydration (lack of water).
Pictures of sutler wagons following soldiers in Civil War and setting up tents from the wagons
to sell supplies to the soldiers.
Prices of goods were usually severely over-priced
and intended to take advantage of the predicament a soldier was in (desperate need of food or supplies and
unable to attain the supplies any other way).
How do you feel about the sutler wagon drivers?
Uniforms and Supplies
• In the early months of the war, troops
wore a variety of uniforms; sometimes
armies were hard to tell apart
• The Confederate soldiers eventually
wore gray pants or butternut-dyed
homemade clothes
• Union soldiers wore blue uniforms,
most mass produced in factories
Weaponry
•
•
•
Forty-inch barrel Springfield rifles replaced single-shot, muzzle-loading .54 caliber
rifles
Confederate soldiers often fought with foreign rifles, (why?) but when they
broke, they depended on rifles they could gather from the battlefield
Infantry on both sides carried long fighting blades
Refer to the hand-out called Civil War Firsts for a list of inventions
created and put to use out of necessity during this era.
Camp Life
• Boredom between battles was common
• Men wrote and read letters, played practical jokes (find the practical joke on page 280),
played games, or sang
• Many men whittled, carving items out of wood, bone, and other material
• Games of baseball were common (Opposing troops would often meet up during a break in
the fighting to sing, play ball, and cook together and then resume fighting the next day.)
• Religious gatherings, including Bible and singing were popular
Black Soldiers
pg. 282
• Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black regiments during the Civil War
• The 54th Massachusetts, led by Col. Robert Shaw (a white officer) led an
assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863; the battle proved the value
of black troops
• 3,500 black men from Georgia fought in the Union Army
• The Confederate government in 1865 passed a law allowing black slaves to
fight in Southern armies; the war ended before a black regiment was
organized
Latino Service
•
Many immigrants from Spain and
Latin America were recruited for
the Union Army
•
Admiral David Farragut, a
Latino, became first U.S. Naval
Admiral; he was a hero for
capturing Mobile Bay and other
ports
•
Loreta Velazquez fought for the
Confederacy (disguised as a
man) and served as a
Confederate spy
Several states contributed entire
Latino battalions
Pg. 283
•
•
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Using your book, notes, and concept maps, answer the following questions.
Don’t forget you can use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed.
Ready……..set………..GO!
Pg. 284
Section 4:
Life During the Civil War
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What was life like for civilians during
the Civil War?
Section 4:
Life During the Civil War
• What words do I need to know?
– hardships
– shortages
– volunteers
Women in the Civil War
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food, items for clothes, and basic items were in short supply, especially in the South
Staples like flour, coffee, and sugar were very expensive or hard to acquire
Women tried to keep their families fed and sheltered despite the difficulties
Many fought disguised as men; others served as spies; many worked in factories
Female nurses were much valued
TURN TO PAGE 286 AND READ
THE BOTTOM PARAGRAPH
Women of Note
•
•
Phoebe Pember of Savannah helped
administer a division in a major Richmond
hospital
Captain Sally Tompkins ran a Southern
military hospital
•
Clara Barton, a Union nurse supervisor,
later founded the American Red Cross
•
Mary Boykin Chesnut of South Carolina left
a prized written record of the wartime life
Answer the questions using your book, notes, concept
map and personal knowledge. Use the “call-a-friend”
strategy if needed.
Pg. 288
Children During the War
• Most did chores at home to help their families or contribute to the war
effort
• Children in the South had basically no public schools (due to school
supplies were needed for the war effort and school buildings were used for soldiers);
wealthy families could continue with private tutoring
• Boys as young as 10 served in both armies; thousands of soldiers
were between 14- and 16-years-old
• Page 288. Twelve-year-old drummer boy
William Black is considered to be the youngest
wounded soldier in the Civil War.
The Aftermath
• 620,000 people died during the war;
about two-thirds died from diseases,
wounds, or military prison hardships
• Healing of emotional wounds took far
longer than the war itself
• The North or the South would never be
the same again
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Pg. 289
Chapter Summary
continued….
Pg. 289
Next….
RECONSTRUCTION
Click to return to Table of Contents.