Transcript people.ucls.uchicago.edu

Emancipation
Proclamation
Shay Reifert, Sarah Polson, GB
Moynihan, and Neal Khosla
What is the Emancipation
Proclamation?
● Executive Order
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An executive order is an order issued by the
president that has the power of a law.
An executive order can be issued at any time, but do
not have to pass through Congress.
What does the Emancipation say?
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The slaves in the states in rebellion against
the Union, by January 1st, 1863, will all be
freed.
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The slaves’ freedoms will be recognized and
protected by the federal military.
The slave states loyal to the Union can keep their
slaves.
The freed slaves can enroll in the military.
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Why did Lincoln issue the
Emancipation Proclamation?
The Emancipation adds to the focus of the
war.
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Now Lincoln’s goals are not only to preserve the
Union, but also to free the slaves.
The Proclamation also keeps the border
states in the Union because of the promise
that they can keep their slaves.
Which states are in rebellion?
● The Emancipation says that if the elected
officials from the state are present in
Congress then the state is not in rebellion.
● If the elected officials from the state are not
present in Congress, the whole state is ruled
in rebellion against the Union.
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Which states Rebelled and which
were Loyal?
Seven states seceded right after Lincoln was
elected.
Later, four states seceded after Lincoln
called for volunteers.
4 slave states never seceded.
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These states were called the border states because
they separated the U.S.A. from the C.S.A.
These four states were Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Missouri.
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Why are the Border States
Important?
Many battles take place close to or in the
border states
Geographically they separated the North
from the South.
Map of Border States
Maryland
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Maryland’s significance lied in its geographic
proximity to Washington D.C.
Kentucky
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Kentucky had many resources that were
vital to both sides of the country.
Such as, tobacco, whiskey, snuff and flour.
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These goods were shipped to Europe, the North
and the South, by way of railroads and the
Mississippi river.
Missouri
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Missouri was important because of the
Mississippi River. As the major waterway,it
was vital it remained in the governments
control.
West Virginia
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West Virginia separates from Virginia in
1863.
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West Virginia then becomes apart of the union.
West Virginia separating puts the Confederates
further from Washington D.C.
Northern Strategies
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Anaconda plan
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The federal (United States) Navy sets up a blockade
preventing anything from entering or exiting the
south.
This prevents reinforcements from abroad helping
the south and it keeps the souths goods from being
exported.
Anaconda Strategy Map
Northern Strategies
● Control the Mississippi River
The South’s main inland water route to transport
goods or troops from one place to another.
○ This effectively separates Texas, Arkansas and
Louisiana from the rest of the south.
○ Most of the food was grown in the west of the south.
so if the United States can control the Mississippi,
they can eventually cut the south off from food, and
starve them
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Northern Strategies
● Capture Richmond the South’s capital.
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Take control of the communications center in
Richmond cutting off the army from the president
and other officials.
● Destroy and burn southern cities such as
Atlanta.
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This will break the south’s will to fight.
Southern Strategy
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Do not lose
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The Confederate army needs to drive the Union off
their land
Prevent land loss
Don’t let the North take too much Confederate land.
● Make the Union citizens not want to fight
anymore
Bull Run
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First major battle of the Civil War
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Confederates against Yankees
In Prince William County, Virginia, near the
city of Manassas.
July 21st, 1861
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Before emancipation
People’s Expectations
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Expected war to last a summer.
Expected it to be a party, a celebration.
Expected small death count.
Honorable death of men dying for their
cause.
Reality
● Huge death count
People realized what war really was
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Not a party with people cheering, but people fighting
and dying on a battlefield
North realized that the war would be longer
and harder than both sides had initially
thought
South gained confidence
Start of Bull Run
● General Irvin McDowell’s army of 35,000
volunteers against 22,000 southern troops
commanded by Pierre G.T Beauregard.
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The southerners were defending the Manassas
railroads which would be the quickest way to
Richmond.
Bull Run Conflict
● The Union troops pushed against the
southern lines repeatedly but could not
break them.
● When Thomas Jackson joined the battle the
Confederates were being pushed back, but
with his reinforcements the Confederates
won the battle.
Southern Strategies after Bull Run
● After winning Bull Run and before fighting
the next big battle which would be Antietam
the southern Strategy changed
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The South no longer wanted to play defense they
would attempt to tire the north out as well as
destroying their territory to break the North’s will to
fight. This leads to Antietam.
Changes in Mentality
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After the vicious fighting at Bull Run it was
revealed to everyone that this would not be a
summer long war.
The soldiers no longer viewed this war as a
celebration or opportunity and for the first
time they realized the horrors of war.
Confiscation Act
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The Confiscation Act was passed on August
6th, 1861
This act allowed the Union to confiscate any
slaves that were employed by the rebel army
At first Lincoln did not want to do this
because he thought if he signed this act the
border states would secede.
Factors during the war
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Over time, use of presidential war powers becomes
easier
Internal political reasons also faced the president “direct
emancipation would alienate the border states, whose
continued loyalty was essential for victory, and would
shatter the republicans fragile alliance with northern
democrats ” (Goodwin 369-70).
As the war continued the mood of the country became
more extreme with abolitionist voices gaining power as
more and more soldiers died.
Factors during the war
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As the war dragged on the Union required soldiers. The
emancipation freed people who could become soldiers.
Through the early years of the war, the North was
extremely concerned with keeping England and France
on the sidelines. The emancipation proclamation
ultimately accomplished this by making the civil war a
new battle between good and evil (Ward 157)
Factors during the war
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Severe grain shortages in Europe now meant it needed
American wheat from the North even more than cotton
from the South.
The Northern Navy blockade of the south constricted
cotton trade with Europe.
For the North compensating the slave owners was still
less expensive than the cost of the war.
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Factors during the war
Desperation of war: “things had gone on from bad to
worse, Lincoln said “until I felt that we had reached the
end of our rope on the plan of operations we had been
pursuing; that we had about played our last card, and
must change our tactics or lose the game” (Foote 538)
Public pressure; for example from Horris Greeley Lincoln
said “if I could save the union without freeing any slave I
would do it; and if I save it by freeing all the slaves, I
would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone, I would also do it” (Foote 706)
Lincoln’s decision
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All of these practical military, political,
economic and foreign factors ultimately led
the president to the decision that changed
the course of the war, the Emancipation
Proclamation.
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Battle of Antietam
First battle of the Civil War fought in the
North.
The battle was fought in Sharpsburg,
Maryland, near Antietam creek.
This battle was fought on September 17,
1862.
How Antietam Was Fought
● General George McClellan against General
Robert E. Lee.
● Lee divided up his army into three parts
leaving some weaknesses in the lines.
However McClellan did not take advantage
of this allowing Lee to escape which
prolonged the war by three years.
Conscription
● Conscription was legal war drafting.
● This was a major shift in the war as before
there was only volunteers.
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This showed how intense the war was getting and
very different than originally expected.
Lincoln and Drafting
● Lincoln signed the Enrollment Act
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In this Act Lincoln created criteria for males to serve
if someone met all the criteria then their name would
be put in a lottery. If their name came out of the
lottery then they were drafted.
● Lincoln only got 6% of his troops this way.
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Emancipation Proclamation
The Battle of Antietam allowed Lincoln to
issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
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Lincoln needed a win before he issued it because he
needed to convince the south that he would be able
to enforce the emancipation.
The Emancipation Proclamation made
people realize Lincoln’s goals had shifted
from being focused on preserving the Union,
to freeing the slaves.