Transcript CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A
YOUNG NATION
AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST
HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1
• Election of 1800 pitted Thomas
Jefferson and his DemocraticRepublican Party vs. John
Adams and his Federalist Party
• While Jefferson defeated
Adams by 8 electoral votes, he
tied his running mate, Aaron
Burr
• For six days the House of Reps
took vote after vote until 36
votes later – Jefferson
prevailed (Led to 12th
Amendment)
3rd President of the U.S.
1800-1808
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT
 Jefferson’s theory of
government, known as
Jeffersonian Republicanism,
held that simple, limited
government was the best
for the people
 Jefferson decentralized the
government, cut costs,
reduce bureaucracy, and
eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE
SUPREME COURT
• Before leaving office, John Adams
(2nd President), attempts to “pack”
the Federal courts with Federalists
Judges
• Jefferson argued this was
unconstitutional
• Supreme Court Chief Justice
Marshall rules in Marbury v.
Madison (1803) that part of the
Judicial Act was unconstitutional
• Established principle of Judicial
Review – the ability of the Supreme
Court to declare a law
unconstitutional
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
• By 1803, French leader
Napoleon had abandoned his
dreams of an American Empire
• He needed money to fight
European wars, so he accepted
Jefferson’s offered of
$15,000,000
• More than doubled the size of
our country
• Lewis and Clark ordered to go
explore new territory
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT
• After two terms, Jefferson
is succeeded by James
Madison
• Madison was two-term
President 1808-1816
• Known as the “Father of
the Constitution, Madison
also is known for his
leadership during the War
of 1812
4th President 1808-1816
WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN
• Causes: British “impressment”
(seizing Americans at sea and
drafting them into their navy)
upset Americans
• The War: 1814 – British sack
D.C. Burn White house
• Andrew Jackson leads great
victory in New Orleans
• Treaty of Ghent signed,
Christmas Eve, 1814
British Impressment of U.S.
seamen upset Americans
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war
included:
 End of the Federalist
Party (opposed war)
 Encouraged industries in
U.S.
 Confirmed status of U.S.
as a strong, free, and
independent nation
Despite the burning of the President’s
mansion, the U.S. emerged strong
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY
• James Monroe was elected
president in 1816
• Immediately, Nationalism
clearly established as key
concern of administration
• Treaty with Britain to jointly
occupy the Oregon Territory
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
secured Florida & southernmost areas of SE America
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• In the early 19th Century,
various European
countries hinted at
increased colonization
• In his 1823 address to
Congress, Monroe made
it clear to Europe: Don’t
interfere with Western
Hemisphere (Monroe
Doctrine)
What idea does this political cartoon convey?
THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2
• During a time of
growing
Sectionalism,
Andrew Jackson’s
election in 1828,
ushered in a new
era of popular
democracy
REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES
• The Northeast continued to
develop industry while the
South and West continued to
be more agricultural
• The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the earlymid 19th century
• New England first to embrace
factory system
• Especially in textile (fabric)
mills
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL
• Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an
agricultural power
• Eli Whitney’s invention of the
Cotton Gin (1793) made
producing cotton even more
profitable
• The South became a “Cotton
Kingdom”
• More labor was needed – 1790
= 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
Cotton Gin quickly separated
cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
• Economic differences created
political tension between
North & South
• As the regions moved apart,
politicians attempted to keep
nation together
• House Speaker Henry Clay’s
American Plan called for a
protective tariff, a National
Bank, and an improved
infrastructure to help travel
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
• In 1818 settlers in Missouri
applied for statehood
• Northerners and Southerners
disagreed on whether Missouri
should be admitted as a “free”
state
• Henry Clay organized a
compromise in which Missouri
was “slave” but Maine would
be “free”
• Also Louisiana Territory split at
36 30’ north latitude
HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON
ANDREW JACKSON
IS ON THE $20 BILL
• Jackson, hero of the common man,
won election in 1828 in part because
the right to vote had been expanded
to more citizens
• In the 1824 election, won by John
Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males
voted
• In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males
voted
• Many of the new voters supported
the rugged westerner Jackson who
also won re-election in 1832
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
• As part of his political philosophy,
Jackson sought to grant political
power to the common people
• Called The Spoils System or
Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson
hired his own supporters to
replace the previous
administration’s staff
• Jackson gave away many jobs to
his friends and political allies
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
• Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian
Removal Act in 1830
• Under this law, the federal government funded treaties
that forced tribes west
• The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were
supported by the Supreme Court
• Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision
• Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief
Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
• Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops
rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly
on foot. . .thousands died
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”
THE NORTH
TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
• In 1824 and again in 1828,
Congress increased the
Import Tariff of 1816
• Southerners called the
1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of
Abominations,” and
blamed it for economic
problems in the South
NULLIFICATION THREAT
• In an attempt to free South
Carolina from the tariff, John
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from
S.C.), developed the Theory of
Nullification
• He believed if a state found an
act of Congress to be
unconstitutional, it could
declare the law void within its
borders
• Tensions only relieved by a Clay
Compromise Tariff in 1833
JACKSON’S BANK WAR
• Jackson opposed National
Bank so he created Pet
Banks – so called because
they were favored by
Jackson’s Democrats
• Many felt Jackson was
acting more like a King
than a president
• In 1832, his opponents
formed a new party – the
Whigs
PANIC OF 1837
• In 1836, Democrat Martin Van
Buren won the Presidency
• He inherited problems from
the “Bank Wars”
• Jackson’s Pet Banks printed
money without Gold backing
• In 1837 a panic set in and
many banks closed, accounts
went bankrupted, and
unemployment soared
MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
HARRISON & TYLER
HARRISON
1841
TYLER
1841-1845
• Whig William Henry
Harrison defeated
Democrat Van Buren in
the election of 1840
• Harrison, known as
“Tippecanoe” for a battle
he won against natives,
died a month into his
term
• His VP, John Tyler became
president
MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3
• In the 1840s Americans
became preoccupied with
expansion
• Many believed that their
movement westward was
predestined by God
• Manifest Destiny was the
belief that the U.S. would
expand “from sea to
shining sea”
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
FAMOUS TRAILS WEST
• No highways existed, thus
wagon trails served as the
roads to the West
• Santa Fe Trail ran from
Independence, Missouri to
Santa Fe, New Mexico
• Oregon Trail stretched from
Independence to Oregon City,
Oregon
• Mormons especially utilized
the Oregon Trail on their way
to Salt Lake City
MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS
• After 300 years of Spanish rule,
Mexican settlers felt at home
in Texas territory
• Mexico won their
independence from Spain in
1821 and Texas was theirs
• Mexican officials offered land
to Americans to make the area
more stable
• Americans soon outnumbered
Mexicans in Texas – trouble
started
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE
• Stephen Austin
established a colony of
Americans in Texas
• Conflicts intensified
between Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
• One issue was the slaves
many Americans had
brought with them
• Mexico had outlawed
slavery in 1829
REMEMBER THE ALAMO
• Mexican President Santa Anna
was determined to force
Texans to obey Mexican law
• Santa Anna marched his troops
toward San Antonio – at the
same time Austin issued a call
to arms for all American Texans
• American forces moved into a
mission known as the Alamo in
1836
• After 13 days the Mexican
troops scaled the walls and
slaughtered all 187 Americans
THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
• 1844 presidential election winner,
James Polk, eagerly wanted to
annex Texas as part of the U.S.
• Negotiations failed and U.S. troops
moved into Mexican territory in
1845
• America victories soon followed,
and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa
Anna conceded defeat
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was
signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas,
New Mexico & California
MEXICAN PRESIDENT
SANTA ANNA
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH
• After gold was discovered at
Sutter’s Mill, migration to
California rose from 400 in
1848 to 44,000 in 1850
• Folks who rushed to San
Francisco in 1849 became
known as Forty-niners
• By 1857, the total amount of
gold mined in California
topped $2,000,000,000
THE MARKET REVOLUTION: SECTION
4
• The first half of the 19th
century in America,
brought vast changes to
technology,
transportation, and
production
• Known as the Market
Revolution, people
increasingly bought and
sold goods rather than
make them for
themselves
A 19th century market
NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY
• 1837 – Samuel Morse invented
the Telegraph
• Railroads were becoming
faster and more numerous by
1830 surpassing canals as # 1
means of transport
• Robert Fulton invented the
Steamboat and by 1830, 200
were on the Mississippi
• John Deere’s Plow and Cyrus
McCormick’s Reaper improved
agriculture
By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph
wire crossed the country
WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS
• In 1834, Lowell,
Massachusetts textile workers
went on strike after their
wages were lowered – one
example of the dozens of
strikes in the U.S. in the 1830s
and 1840s
• Several industries formed the
National Trade Union in 1834
in hopes of bettering their
conditions
STRIKES AND
UNIONS
BECAME
MORE
NUMEROUS
AFTER 1830
REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY: SECTION 5
• The Second Great Awakening
spread Christianity through
revival meetings
• Another growing religious group
was the Unitarians who
emphasized reason as path to
perfection
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was a
Unitarian preacher who
developed Transcendentalism
• These and other religions
became the impetus for
reforming society
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
• 1820s: Abolitionist
movement to free African
Americans from slavery
arose
• Leader was a white
radical named William
Lloyd Garrison
• Abolitionist called for
immediate emancipation
of all slaves
FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN
AMERICAN LEADER
• Freed slave, Frederick
Douglass escaped from
bandage and became an
eloquent abolitionist (critic of
slavery) leader
• He began an anti-slavery
newspaper called, Northstar
– named after the star that
guided runaway slaves to
freedom
TURNER’S REBELLION
• The vast majority of AfricanAmericans were enslaved in
the South and were subjected
to constant degradation
• Some rebelled against their
condition
• Most famous revolt was led by
Virginia slave Nat Turner
• Turner led 50 followers in a
revolt killing 60 whites – he
was caught and executed
Turner plans his rebellion
WOMEN AND REFORM
• From abolition to
education, women
worked actively in all
reform movements
• Throughout the 1800s
opportunity for women to
become educated
increased
• 1833: Oberlin College
became first coed
institution
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES
• Reform movements of the
19th century spurred the
development of a Women’s
movement
• For example, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Lucretia Mott
had both been ardent
abolitionists
• In 1848, more than 300
women participated in a
Women’s Right convention
in Seneca Falls, N.Y.
THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF SLAVERY
• Over the centuries, the
Northern and Southern
sections of the United
States developed into two
very different cultural and
economic regions
• There were also differences
in geography and climate, as
well as religious differences
THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR
• Rural plantation
economy
• Relied on slave labor
• “Peculiar Institution”
created tension
• Southerners feared the
loss of slavery would
mean loss of culture
Family working the cotton
field on a Plantation
THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR
• The North had a more
diverse economy
• Industry flourished
• The North openly
opposed slavery in the
South and the new
territories
• The North was more
urbanized than the
South
BOSTON HARBOR
SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
CALIFORNIA BECAME
A STATE IN 1850
• The issue of whether
slavery in California
and the West would
be legal led to heated
debates in Congress
• Gold rush led to
application for
statehood for
California
COMPROMISE OF 1850
• Southerners threatened
secession over issue
• Henry Clay again worked a
Compromise
• For the North: California
would be admitted as free
state
• For the South: A more
effective fugitive slave law
• Residents of New Mexico &
Utah would vote
themselves-”popular
sovereignty”
CONGRESSIONAL DEBATE
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
• Under the law, runaway
slaves were not entitled to a
trial by jury
• Anyone helping a slave
escape was jailed for 6
months and fined $1,000
• Northerners were upset by
the harshness of the new
law and often helped hide
fugitive slaves
A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
• Escape from slavery was
dangerous and meant
traveling on foot at night
• As time went on, African
Americans and white
abolitionists developed a
secret network of people
who would hide fugitive
slaves
• ”Conductors” would hide
runaways in tunnels and
even kitchen cupboards
HARRIET TUBMAN
• One of the most famous
conductors was Harriet
Tubman
• Tubman escaped
slavery and vowed to
help others do the same
• She made 19 trips back
to South and freed over
300 slaves (Including
her own parents)
HARRIET TUBMAN 1820-1913
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN



In 1852, Harriet
Beecher Stowe
published her
influential novel,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The book stressed
the moral evil of
slavery
Abolitionist protests
increased
Instant best
seller sold
500,000 by
1857
Author Harriet
Beecher Stowe
TENSION BUILDS IN KANSAS

vs.

After Stephen Douglas
worked to pass the
Kansas-Nebraska Act
in 1854, Kansas would
vote to decide on
whether slavery would
be legal or outlawed
This contradicted the
36’ 30’ of the Missouri
Compromise
BLEEDING KANSAS
• The race for Kansas was on.
Both supporters and
opponents attempted to
populate Kansas to win the
vote over slavery
• As the election neared, a
group of pro-slavery
“border ruffians” from
Missouri attempted to cross
into Kansas
• Violence erupted – Blooding
Kansas is the legacy
Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas
is admitted as a free state in 1861
THE FREE-SOILERS
• Another party that emerged
in the mid-19th century was
the Free-Soilers
• They were northerners who
opposed slavery in the
territories
• Free-Soilers objections to
slavery were based on
economics not moral
objection to slavery
• They believed slavery drove
down wages for white
workers
“Soil”
REPUBLICANS EMERGE AS LEADING
PARTY
• In 1854, opponents of
slavery in the territories
formed a new political party,
the Republican Party
• As the party grew it took on
Free-Soilers, some antislavery Democrats and
Whigs, and Know-Nothings
Republicans won all but 3 presidential
elections from 1861-1933
THE DRED SCOTT DECISION
• A major Supreme Court
decision occurred when
slave Dred Scott was taken
by his owner to free states
Illinois & Wisconsin
• Scott argued that that made
him a free man
• Finally in 1857, the Court
ruled against Dred Scott
citing the Constitution’s
protection of property
• The decision increased
tensions over slavery
DRED SCOTT LOST HIS
CHANCE AT FREEDOM
LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES
• The 1858 race for U.S.
Senate in Illinois was hotly
contested between
Republican Lincoln and
Democratic Douglas
• One of the most celebrated
debates in history ensued as
the topic was slavery in the
territories
• Douglas favored popular
sovereignty while Lincoln
wanted a Constitutional
Amendment
“THE LITTLE GIANT” VS. “HONEST ABE”
HARPER’S FERRY


ARSENAL


BROWN
While politicians debated the
slavery issue, John Brown
plotted a major slave revolt
On October 16, 1859, he led a
band of 21 men, black and
white, into Harpers Ferry,
Virginia
He hoped to seize a large
federal arsenal, but troops put
down the rebellion
Brown was tried and executed
1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
• Republicans nominated
Abe Lincoln while the
Democrats split
• Lincoln won the 1860
election with less than
half the popular vote
and no Southern
electoral votes
• The Southern states
were not happy
LINCOLN MEMORIAL
1860 ELECTION RESULTS
SOUTHERN SUCESSION
• Lincoln’s victory in 1860
election convinced Southerners
that they had to act quickly
• South Carolina led the way,
seceding from the union in
December of 1860
• Mississippi was next, then
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, & Texas
• Southern delegates met in
February, 1861 and formed the
Confederate States with
Jefferson Davis as President
THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS:
******************************
• The first battle of the Civil
War (1861-1865) was
fought at Fort Sumter, South
Carolina on April 12,
1861
• Soon after, Virginia,
Arkansas, North Carolina
and Tennessee seceded
(Confederate states = 11)
• Virginia split on whether to
leave Union (West Virginia
formed)
NORTH HAD ADVANTAGES
• The North and South
were not evenly
matched
• The North had many
advantages including;
• More people
• More factories
• More food production
• More railroads
• Better communication
SOUTH HAD ADVANTAGES
• The South had some
advantages over the
Northern forces
• First rate military
leadership
• Highly motivated
soldiers
• Only had to defend
their land – not attack
North
STRATEGIES
• The Northern strategy going
into the war included a
naval blockade, a plan to
split the Confederacy by
going down the Mississippi
river, and capturing the
Confederate capital city of
Richmond, Virginia
• The South was content to
have a defensive strategy
U.S.S. St. Louis, First Eads
Ironclad Gunboat
THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN




First major bloodshed of
the war occurred at Bull
Run near Washington,
D.C. – Summer 1861
This battle made
Confederate General
Thomas Jackson famous
Nicknamed “Stonewall
Jackson” he inspired the
Confederates to hold firm
Confederate victory
boosted moral
ACTUAL PHOTOS OF BULL RUN AND
GENERAL JACKSON
THE CLASH AT ANTIETAM
• Union General George
McClellan confronted
Confederate General Robert
E. Lee in Antietam,
Maryland
• The single bloodiest day in
American history --- 26,000
died
• Lee and the Confederates
retreated, McClellan did not
follow- Lincoln fires him
BLOODIEST DAY IN AMERICAN
HISTORY 9/17/1862
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
• As the war progressed,
Lincoln used his powers to
end slavery
• Just as Union troops could
seize Confederate supplies,
Lincoln authorized the army
to seize and emancipate
slaves
• Emancipation was not just a
moral issue; it became a
weapon of war
JANUARY 1, 1863
CONSCRIPTION ISSUES
• Both sides dealt with social
unrest during the Civil War
• Both President Lincoln and
Confederate leader Davis
suspended Writ of Habeas
Corpus
• Draft riots occurred in New
York City as some thought
draft process was unfair to
the poor and immigrants
DEPICTION OF NEW
YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS
AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT FOR
FREEDOM
• Although only 1% of the
North’s population, by
the end of the war
180,000 African
Americans fought for
the Union (10% of
Union Army)
• However, they were
segregated and earned
lower wages
• See: Glory
SOLDIERS SUFFERED ON BOTH SIDES
• Heavy casualties on
both sides were
worsened by conditions
on the field
• Disease, poor nutrition,
and inadequate medical
care were common
features of the war
GETTYSBURG
DISEASE ACCOUNTED FOR 76%
OF DEATHS IN CIVIL WAR
WOMEN WORK TO IMPROVE
CONDITIONS
• While women were not
in combat, 3,000
women served as Union
nurses
• Carla Barton was a
famous Union nurse
• Known as the “Angel on
the Battlefield” she
went on to form the
American Red Cross
after the war
THE NORTH TAKES CHARGE:
***********************************
**
• In a small town in
Pennsylvania, the most
decisive battle of the war
was fought
• Gettysburg was a three-day
battle fought in early July of
1863
• The Union had 90,000
troops under George
Meade and the
Confederates had 75,000
troops under General Lee
GETTYSBURG JULY, 1863
GETTYSBURG
• The three-day battle
produced staggering losses:
23,000 Union soldiers and
28,000 Confederate soldiers
were wounded or killed
• After the Confederate
retreat, Lee gave up any
hope of invaded the North
and retreated
ROBERT E. LEE
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
• In November 1863, a
ceremony was held to
dedicate a cemetery in
Gettysburg
• Abe Lincoln spoke for
less than two minutes,
but inspired a nation
with his address
• Some say his Gettysburg
Address “remade
America”
GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG
• In the Spring of 1863
Union General Ulysses
S. Grant fought to take
Vicksburg, Mississippi
• Grant ordered two
frontal attacks on
Vicksburg
• He succeeded in
splitting Confederate
forces
U.S. GRANT MEMORIAL
CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN
• After the twin defeats at
Gettysburg and Vicksburg,
the Confederate morale was
destroyed
• Many Southern soldiers had
deserted
• Grant and General
Tecumseh Sherman were
now in control of the Union
Army
• They aimed to destroy the
will of the Confederates
UNION GENERAL SHERMAN
SHERMAN’S MARCH
• In the spring of 1864,
Sherman began his march
southeast through Georgia
to the coast
• His troops created a path of
destruction as they burned
homes, destroyed livestock
and railroads
• After reaching the sea, his
troops (included 25,000
former slaves) turned
Northward
ELECTION OF 1864
• Despite the war, politics
continued as the North held
a presidential election in
1864
• While some Northerners
were dismayed as to the
length of the war and
Lincoln was pessimistic
about his re-election, he
defeated General McClellan
easily
DISGRUNTED GENERAL
MCCLELLAN LOST 1864 ELECTION
SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX
• On April 3, 1865, Union
troops conquered
Richmond, the Confederate
capital
• On April 9, 1865 in a Virginia
town called Appomattox,
Lee and Grant met to
arrange a Confederate
surrender
• At Lincoln’s request the
terms were generous
LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT
DEADLY WAR BRINGS CHANGES
• The Civil War was the
deadliest war in American
history
• Over 620,000 died -nearly
as many as all other U.S.
wars combined
• The role of the federal
government increased
• Economically the gap
between North and South
widened
U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000
men. Their losses, by the best estimates:
Battle deaths: 110,070
Disease, etc.: 250,152
Total
360,222
The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of
missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated
losses:
Battle deaths: 94,000
Disease, etc.: 164,000
Total
258,000
War
Deaths
% of Total War
Deaths
Year for
Population
Estimate
Estimated
Population
Deaths/
Population
Revolutionary
War
4,435
0%
1783
2,963,726
0.15%
War of 1812
2,260
0%
1815
8,439,167
0.03%
Mexican War
13,283
1%
1848
21,966,171
0.06%
624,511
49%
1865
35,000,846
1.78%
2,446
0%
1898
73,565,688
0.00%
World War 1
116,516
9%
1918
103,262,929
0.11%
World War 2
405,399
32%
1945
141,745,184
0.29%
Korean War
36,516
3%
1953
159,725,011
0.02%
Vietnam War
58,152
5%
1973
210,274,081
0.03%
Civil War
SpanishAmerican
War
THE
TH
13
AMENDMENT
• Lincoln believed a
Constitutional
Amendment was needed
to ensure freedom for
slaves
• The 13th Amendment
outlawing slavery was
ratified in 1865
LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED
The play was a British comedy
called, My American Cousin
• On April 14, 1865 Lincoln
was shot in the head while
attending a play in
Washington, D.C.
• He was the first president
ever assassinated
• His killer, John Wilkes Booth
escaped, but was shot and
killed later
• More than 7,000,000
Americans turned out to
mourn -1/3rd of population
RECONSTRUCTION: SECTION 4
• The Civil War had ended.
Slavery and secession were
no more.
Now what?
• How does the Union
integrate the South back
into American society?
• How do 4 million newly
freed African slaves
integrate themselves into
society?
1865-1877
THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION
ANDREW JOHNSON
• The politics of
Reconstruction was
complicated by the fact
that Lincoln, his VP and
successor Andrew
Johnson, and the
Congress all had
different ideas of how
Reconstruction should
be handled
LINCOLN’S PLAN



Lincoln made it clear that
he favored a lenient
Reconstruction policy
His Ten Percent Plan
called for a pardon of all
Confederates who would
swear allegiance to Union
(oath)
When 10% of the voting
population of a state took
the oath, a state would be
readmitted into the Union
JOHNSON’S PLAN


After Lincoln’s death, his VP
& successor Andrew
Johnson announced his
own plan
It differed only slightly from
Lincolns: He excluded high
ranking Confederates and
wealthy planters from the
oath, but did pardon 13,000
while contending that,
“White men alone must
manage the South”
CONGRESS PLAN


Congress worked hard to
shift the focus of
Reconstruction from the
President to the Congress
In 1866, Congress
overrode President
Johnson’s veto and passed
the Civil Rights Act, the
Freedmen’s Bureau Act,
the 14th Amendment and
the Reconstruction Act 1867
Congress overrode Johnson’s
veto of Freedmen’s Bureau
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
• One of the important
acts passed by Congress
was the Civil Rights Act 1866
• This law gave African
Americans citizenship
and forbade states from
passing laws
discriminating against
former slaves (Black
Codes)
FROM HARPER’S MAGAZINE 1866 –
BLACKS CELEBRATE
FREEMEN’S BUREAU
• Congress also passed the
Freemen’s Bureau Act which
provided much needed aid
to African Americans
• Included in the Act was
money for education,
hospitals, social services,
churches, and help with
labor contracts and
discrimination cases
EDUCATION WAS AN IMPORTANT PART
OF THE BUREAU
TH
14
AMENDMENT
• In 1866, Congress
passed the 14th
Amendment which
provided legal backing
to the Civil Rights Act
• It prevented states from
denying rights to people
based on race
• This nullified the Dred
Scott decision
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867
• Congressional Republicans
again joined forces to pass the
Reconstruction Act
• This act voided the state
governments formed in the
South under the Presidential
plans and instead divided the
south into 5 military districts
• The states were required to
grant black men the right to
vote and to ratify the 14th
Amendment
“First
Vote”
This image depicts an artisan, a
businessman and a soldier standing
in line to cast their first ballot
JOHNSON IMPEACHED
GALLERY TICKET FOR
JOHNSON IMPEACHMENT
HEARING
• Radical Republicans felt
Johnson was blocking
Reconstruction efforts
• Thus, they looked for
grounds to impeach him
• They found grounds when
he fired a cabinet member
in violation of the “Tenure
of Office Act”
• He was impeached, but not
convicted and served out
his term
1868 ELECTION
• Civil War hero U.S. Grant
ran as a Republican against
Democratic nominee
Horatio Seymour
• Grant won by a margin of
300,000 in the popular
vote
• 500,000 African Americans
voted – 90% for Grant
th
15
AMENDMENT
• Soon after Grant’s election,
Congress passed the 15th
Amendment
• This amendment stated that
no one could be kept from
voting because of “race,
color, or previous servitude”
• The 15th Amendment was
ratified in 1870
RECONSTRUCTING SOCIETY
• The South went through
significant changes after
the war
• The economy was in ruins
and they lost hundreds of
thousands of young men
• Republicans now
dominated politically, but
often with conflicting
goals
MANY SOUTHERN CITIES
SUFFERED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE
SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS



CARPETBAGGERS

SCALAWAGS
3 groups made up the
bulk of Southern
Republicans
1) Scalawags: White
farmers (small farms)
2) Carpetbaggers:
Northerners who came
south in search of
opportunity after the war
3) African Americans:
Former slaves- 90% of
whom were Republican
AFRICAN AMERICANS
• African Americans took
an active role in the
political process in the
South
• They voted in record
numbers and many ran
for office
• Hiram Revels was the
first black Senator
HIRAM REVELS – FIRST
BLACK SENATOR
40 ACRES AND A MULE



Despite Sherman’s
promise of “40 acres and
a mule” few former
slaves received anything
Republicans considered
property to be a sacred
American right
Therefore, most
plantation owners kept
their land
SPIKE LEE’S PRODUCTION COMPANY IS
CALLED “40 ACRES AND A MULE”
SHARECROPPING AND TENANT
FARMING
• Without land of their own,
Southern African Americans
could not grow their own
crops
• Thus, many became
sharecroppers– a system be
which families were given a
small plot of land to work in
exchange for some of the
crops
ARKANSAS SHARECROPPERS
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
• While some Southern
whites participated in the
new governments, voted in
elections, and reluctantly
accepted African
Americans---others were
very resentful and formed
hate groups
• Most famous vigilante
group was the Ku Klux Klan,
or the KKK
KU KLUX KLAN
• The Klan was formed by disgruntled
Confederate soldiers whose goals included
destroying the Republican Party, aiding the
planter class, and preventing blacks from
integrating into society
• Estimates range as high as 20,000 murders
attributed to the Klan whose membership
peaked at almost 4 million in the 1920s
DEMOCRATS “REDEEM SOUTH”
• Lack of Republican unity in the
South and an economic
downturn that diverted
attention from Southern
issues, caused Democrats to
regain control of the South
• Called “Redeemers” these
politicians were out to reclaim
Southern culture, pride and
tradition
• The Reconstruction Era was
over by 1877