Transcript The Civil War

The
Civil War
(1861-1865)
Through
Maps, Charts,
Graphs &
Pictures
AP US HISTORY – UNIT 6
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Civil War
South early advantage… North long-term
advantage
South had some military equipment
-Calhoun moved military outposts to
South.
Rating the North & the South
Slave/Free States Population, 1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Ohio Military Service
Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South
Combined
Immigrants
as a %
of a State’s
Population
in
1860
US Congress without the South
More efficient
-Passed national development plans
Homestead Act (1862)
Morrill Act (1862)
-created public trust lands
- school land - land grant colleges
Intercontinental railroad finished
Congress (cont.)
-Financial development
National Bank Act (1863)
Created new central bank
Made up of state banks holding
federal deposits
Income tax (1861)
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
Government of the
Confederacy
South divided over question of
secession
Rich ↑, others not as enthusiastic
Confederacy was a weak national
government
*Favored states' rights
*Some states failed to collect taxes
or enforce draft
The Confederate “White House”
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
A FEW GOOD MEN….
Draft instituted March 1863
*First time the U.S. had used a draft
Draft riots by Irish (Lincoln wanted 2
mil. man army)
Copperheads –No. Democrats who
denounced war
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
War in the East: 1861-1862
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
1862 - Lincoln suspended Writ of
Habeas Corpus
Allowed army to arrest civilians who
interfered with war.
Maryland….NO GO
Steps Towards Emancipation
1861 - Confiscation Act
– Allowed Union army to seize plantations
– Nullifies owners' claims to fugitive slaves who had
been employed in the Confederate war
1862 – Gen. John C. Fremont's Emancipation
Proclamation
– Slaves in areas controlled by Union army would be
free (Lincoln orders Freemont to “back-off”)
Emancipation in 1863
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
Jan 1, 1863 - Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation
Freed slaves in the 11 Confederate states
13th Amendment (1865)
Made slavery illegal
 14th Amendment (1868)
Citizens = full rights for all
Barred Confederates from federal government
Absolved the U.S. from the Confederacy's debts
 15th Amendment (1870)
Former slaves had full voting rights
Slavery not immediately abolished at state level
African-American Recruiting Poster
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould
Shaw
African-Americans
in Civil War Battles
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
(1/1/1863)
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
The North Initiates
the Draft, 1863
Women's movements
U.S. Sanitary
Commission (Dorothea
Dix)
– Organized women as
nurses for Union army
Joined by Clara
Barton & Susan B.
Anthony
– Clara Barton - Red Cross
– Susan B. Anthony women's suffrage
Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC
Recruiting Blacks in NYC
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
A “Pogrom” Against Blacks
Inflation in the South
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham
1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster
Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in
1864
Presidential Election
Results:
1864
Election of 1864
Lincoln
(Union Party = pro war people
from various parties)
v.
George McClellan
(Northern Dem.)
McClellan (pro-peace)
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta
(10/64) makes it clear North
would win war
Lincoln Wins
The Final Virginia Campaign:
1864-1865
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the Ages!
The Execution
AP US History – Unit 6
The Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN
(April 12, 1864)
Nathan Bedford Forrest
(Captured Fort Pillow)
 262 African-Americans
 295 white Union
soldiers.
 Ordered black soldiers
murdered after they
surrendered! [many
white soldiers killed as
well]
 Became the first Grand
Wizard of the Ku Klux
Klan after the war.
Confederate Prison Camp
at Point Lookout, MD
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had almost 50,000 at one time.
Point Lookout Memorial
of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners
Union Prison Camp
at Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had over 32,000 at one time.
Distributing “Rations”
Union “Survivors”
Union
Prisoner’s
Record
at
Andersonville
Burying Dead Union POWs
Andersonville Cemetary
AP US HISTORY – UNIT 6
Key Questions
How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
*
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate
officers.
When 10% of the voting population in
the 1860 election had taken an oath of
loyalty and established a government, it
would be recognized.
President Lincoln’s Plan
1864  “Lincoln Governments”
formed in LA, TN, AR
*
*
“loyal assemblies”
They were weak and
dependent on the
Northern army for
their survival.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number
of 1860 voters to take an
“iron clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state
constitutional convention
before the election of state
officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards
of freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 “Iron-Clad” Oath.
 “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator
Charles Sumner]
 “Conquered Provinces” Position
[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
Jeff Davis Under Arrest
th
13
Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked
their lives to help
southern freedmen.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen
Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am
fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to
Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Slavery is Dead?
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
Congress Breaks with the
President
 Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation
of this government in its
original purity and character,
let it be shed; let an altar to
the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take
me and lay me upon it, and
the blood that now warms
and animates my existence
shall be poured out as a fit
libation to the Union.
(February 1866)
14th Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
*
Insure against neo-Confederate political
power.
*
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
The Balance of Power in
Congress
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
The 1866 Bi-Election
 A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
 Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda
tour around the country to push his plan.
 Republicans
won a 3-1
majority in
both houses
and gained
control of
every northern
state.
Johnson’s “Swing around
the Circle”
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
 Required new state constitutions,
including
black suffrage and ratification of the 13th
and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act
that authorized the military to enroll
eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5
military
districts.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s
Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).