Transcript Reconstruction1strevised choice

Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
Objective: To analyze the government’s plan for the
South after the Civil War.
• freedmen - Men and women who had been slaves.
• Reconstruction - rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
After the Civil War
• The Civil War was the most costly war in American
History in terms of total devastation.
• At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and
some experts say the toll reached 700,000.
• These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its
other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.
Amazing War Losses
www.civilwarhome.com/casualties.htm
300,000
250,000
200,000
North
South
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Battle
Sickness
The following quote came from Abraham Lincoln’s
Second Inaugural address, March 4, 1865.
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
right as God gives us to see right, let us strive on to finish the work
we are in, bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall
have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which
may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.”
What do you think this quote means? What is
President Lincoln speaking about?
The Defeated South
Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North
and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?
A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many
Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.
Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865
Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot
and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865
I. Problems facing the South at the end of the Civil War
A. Physical
1. In some areas, every house, barn and bridge had been destroyed.
2. 2/3 of railroad tracks had been destroyed
3. Columbia, Richmond, and Atlanta were leveled.
Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works Richmond, VA, April 1865
Above: Charleston, South
Carolina
Right: Atlanta, Georgia
Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot
- Richmond, VA, 1865
A Southern armored railroad gun
has gone as far as it can on these
rails, typifying Civil War
destruction of Southern railroad
tracks. (Virginia)
This famous photo was taken
looking across the ruins of the
railroad bridge in
Fredericksburg, Virginia
· Confederate money became worthless, and banks closed.
B. Economic
1. Confederate $ was worthless- Banks closed,
borrowed $ was never returned
2. NO LABOR!!- 1/5 of all Southern men were killed
C. Freedmen- 4 Million of them with no land, no jobs, and no
education
· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.
Left and
right:
post-Civil
War Ohio
Atlanta, GA
Re construction
The period of time
after the Civil War
when the South was
rebuilt.
The federal program to
rebuild the South.
1865 - 1877
D. POLITICAL STRUCTURE- Who is going to
lead the South now?
Freedmen’s Bureau
· The Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, clothing, jobs, medical care,
and education for millions of former slaves and poor whites.
A teacher and elementary school students posing on the steps of the Hill
School, ca. late 19th Century. The school was a part of the
Christiansburg Institute, which was first opened by the U. S. Freedmen's
Bureau in 1866. (Montgomery County, VA)
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
*
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate
officers.
When 10% of the voting population in
the 1860 election had taken an oath of
loyalty and established a government, it
would be recognized.
President Lincoln’s Plan
1864  “Lincoln Governments”
formed in LA, TN, AR
*
*
“loyal assemblies”
They were weak and
dependent on the
Northern army for
their survival.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number
of 1860 voters to take an
“iron clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state
constitutional convention
before the election of state
officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards
of freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 “Iron-Clad” Oath.
President
Lincoln
Pocket
Veto
Wade-Davis
Bill
Competing Reconstruction Plans
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan:
I. Once 10% of the state’s voters swore loyalty to the U.S….
II. …Southern states could rejoin the national government after they
abolished slavery.
Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill:
I. It required that a majority of Southern white men swear loyalty to the
U.S….
II. …and denied former Confederate soldiers the right to vote or hold
political office.
Jeff Davis Under Arrest
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked
their lives to help
southern freedmen.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
The Assassination
of
Abraham Lincoln
Objectives:
• The following presentation is divided
into (3) sections with separate
objectives:
1. Identify the conspiracy and conspirators in the plot
involving Abraham Lincoln.
2. Describe what happened on the fateful evening of
April 14, 1865.
3. Explain the events that occurred after the death of
the President.
If you would like to go to a specific objective,
click on the appropriate button.
John Wilkes Booth
• Born on May 10, 1838 in
Maryland; the 9th of 10 children.
• He was the lead in some of
William Shakespeare's most
famous works.
• He was a racist and Southern
sympathizer during the Civil War.
• He hated Abraham Lincoln who
represented everything Booth
was against.
• Booth blamed Lincoln for all the
South's ills.
• BOOTH WANTED REVENGE!!!!
…other interesting facts about
Booth
• Started his acting career in 1855 and by 1860 was
making $20,000 a year….
• many called him "the handsomest man in
America“ and he had an easy charm about him
that attracted women….
• In 1859 Booth was an eyewitness to the execution
of John Brown and stood near the scaffold with
other armed men to guard against any attempt to
rescue John Brown before the hanging….
• On November 9, 1863, President Lincoln viewed
Booth in the role of Raphael in The Marble Heart in
Ford’s Theatre.
LEFT Booth
(middle) with his
brothers in Julius
Caesar; RIGHT
Booth in his teen
years
The Conspirators….
George Atzerodt
Samuel Arnold
John Suratt
Michael O'Laughlen
David Herold
Lewis Powell (Paine
or Payne)
Booth’s Original Plan
• In late summer of
1864 Booth began
developing plans to
kidnap Lincoln, take
him to Richmond
(the Confederate
capital), and hold
him in return for
Confederate
prisoners of war.
What happened?
• Booth began using Mary
Surratt's boardinghouse
(pictured left) to meet with his
co-conspirators.
• On March 17, 1865, the group
planned to capture Lincoln
who was scheduled to attend a
play at a hospital located on
the outskirts of Washington.
• However, the President
changed plans and remained in
the capital. Thus, Booth's plot
to kidnap Lincoln failed.
A Big Change of Plans…
• On April 9, 1865, General
Robert E. Lee surrendered to
General Ulysses S. Grant at
Appomattox. (War is over)
• Two days later Lincoln spoke
from the White House to a
crowd gathered outside. Booth
was present as Lincoln
suggested in his speech that
voting rights be granted to
certain blacks.
• Infuriated, Booth's plans now
turned in the direction of
assassination.
Booth over the edge….
• Lincoln suggested
conferring voting rights
for some blacks; "on the
very intelligent, and on
those who serve our
cause as soldiers."
• Booth was enraged! He
said, "Now, by God! I'll put
him through. That is the
last speech he will ever
make."
The Opportunity….
• On April 14, Booth
stopped at Ford's
Theatre to pick up
his mail.
• While there he
learned of President
Lincoln's plans to
attend the evening
performance of Our
American Cousin.
One last meeting….
• Booth held one final
meeting with his coconspirators.
• He said he would kill
Lincoln at the theatre (he
had since learned that Grant
had left town).
• Booth gave the others their
orders.
• Booth also arranged to have
a fast horse waiting for him.
Andrew Johnson
• George Atzerodt was
to kill Vice-President
Andrew Johnson at
the Kirkwood House
where Johnson
resided.
Johnson was not
home when
Atzerodt came
calling.
William Seward
• Lewis Powell was
assigned to kill
Secretary of State
William Seward.
• David Herold would
accompany Powell.
Powell wildly
attempted to stab
Seward, but
struck no fatal
blows!!
What was the overall goal?
• All attacks were to
take place
simultaneously at
approximately 10:15
P.M. that night.
• Booth hoped the
resulting chaos and
weakness in the
government would
lead to a comeback
for the South.
Ford's Theatre
• between E and F streets
in Washington, D.C.
• Booth performed there
twice – last time
March18, 1865 – and was
familiar with the layout.
Lincoln’s Evening
• President Lincoln and his
wife arrived late at 8:30 with
Maj. Henry Rathbone and his
girlfriend Clara Harris.
• The play stopped and Hail to
the Chief was sung as
Lincoln made his was to the
state box.
• Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln’s
regular bodyguard, was not
available, so a new guard
was assigned and was
posted outside the door.
Lincoln’s Protection….
• John Parker, a Washington police
officer who had been assigned as
Lincoln's bodyguard for the
evening, met the President just as
he was entering the box.
•
Parker, who did not have a very
good record as a policeman, took
his seat outside the box.
• However, he found that he could
not see the stage, so he left his
post to find better seating.
• Unbelievably, Parker then left the
theater at intermission with
Lincoln's footman and coachman.
The three went to a saloon next to
the theater for a drink.
Booth arrives….
• Booth arrived at Ford's
Theatre in the vicinity of
9:30.
• Booth went to the tavern
next to the theatre and
requested a bottle of
whiskey and some water.
• Another customer said to
Booth, "You'll never be the
actor your father was."
• Booth replied, "When I
leave the stage, I will be
the most famous man in
America."
The moment of truth….
• Booth entered Ford's lobby at about 10:07 P.M.
• Booth could see the white door he needed to
enter to get to Lincoln's State Box.
• Charles Forbes, the President's footman, was
seated next to the door and Booth apparently
handed him a card.
• Quietly, Booth then opened the door and entered
the dark area in back of the box.
• He propped the door shut with the wooden leg of
a music stand which he had placed there on one
of his earlier visits during the day
Lincoln Shot….
• Booth put his
derringer behind
Lincoln's head near
the left ear and
pulled the trigger.
Major Rathbone
• Rathbone began
wrestling with the
assassin, and Booth
pulled out his knife
and stabbed
Rathbone in the left
arm.
"Sic Semper Tyrannis"
• Booth jumped 11 feet to the
stage below.
• When he hit the floor he
snapped the fibula bone in his
left leg just above the ankle.
• Many in the theatre thought he
yelled "Sic Semper Tyrannis"
(Latin for "As Always to
Tyrants“
• Booth flashed his knife at the
audience, and he made his way
across the stage in front of
more than 1,000 people.
• Everything happened so fast no
one had time to stop him.
Booth flees on horse….
• Booth went out the
back door, climbed on
his horse, and escaped
from the city using the
Navy Yard Bridge.
• Booth met up with
Herod and they headed
for Lloyd's tavern that
was leased from Mary
Suratt in Surrattsville.
Dr. Mudd
• About 4:00 A.M. Booth
and Herold arrived at Dr.
Mudd's home where
Mudd set and splinted
Booth's broken leg.
Back in Washington….
• After he examined
Lincoln's head wound,
army surgeon Charles
A. Leale warned that the
president would not
survive a carriage ride
to the White House.
• Lincoln was carried
across Tenth Street to
the home of William
Petersen, a German
merchant-tailor.
The Peterson House
Lincoln dies….
• Dr. Robert King Stone,
the Lincoln's family
doctor, arrived around
11:00 P.M., but there was
little that anyone could
do.
• The many doctors
present knew that the
president would not
recover.
• Lincoln never again
regained consciousness.
• He died at 7:22 A.M. on
April 15, 1865.
Wanted Men!!!
• The morning of Lincoln's
death, over two thousand
soldiers rode out of
Washington, D.C., in pursuit
of the assassin.
• Eleven days later, April 26,
1865, a group of soldiers and
detectives tracked Booth
down on Garrett farm near
Port Royal, Virginia.
• Orders where to bring them in
ALIVE!!
Booth killed….
• The lieutenant in charge
at Garrett farm decided to
ignite the barn that Booth
was hold up in, hoping to
force him out.
• As the barn went up in
flames, Booth stepped
towards the door.
• Sergeant Boston Corbett
then shot at Booth,
hitting him in the back of
the head. Booth died just
over two hours later.
Trial of Conspirators….
• The government charged 8 people with conspiracy.
• On May 1, 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered
the formation of a military commission to try the
accused persons.
• The actual trial began on May 10th and lasted until
June 30th.
Lewis Paine
• Paine was charged with
conspiracy and the
attempted assassination of
Secretary of State William
Seward.
• Paine entered Seward's
home the night of Lincoln's
assassination.
• He knifed and pistol-whipped
5 people in the house.
• Luckily, all survived his
brutality.
• Paine was found guilty by
the court and was hanged on
July 7, 1865.
David Herold
• Herold was charged
with conspiracy,
guiding Paine to
Seward's home, and
assisting Booth during
his 12 days on the run
after the assassination.
• When Booth and Herold
were surrounded in a
barn at Garrett's farm in
Virginia, Herold gave
up.
• He was found guilty and
hanged on July 7, 1865.
George Atzerodt
• Atzerodt was charged with
conspiring with Booth; his
assignment was to kill VicePresident Andrew Johnson.
• Atzerodt rented a room in the
Kirkwood House, the VicePresident's hotel, and directed a
series of "suspicious" questions
to the hotel's bartender.
• He made no attempt to kill
Johnson.
• Nevertheless, he was found
guilty and hanged on July 7,
1865.
Mary Suratt
• Mary Surratt, boardinghouse
owner, was charged with
conspiring with Booth,
"keeping the nest that
hatched the egg," and
running errands for Booth
that facilitated his escape.
• It was alleged that Booth
used her boardinghouse to
meet with his
coconspirators.
• Mrs. Surratt was found
guilty and was hanged on
July 7, 1865.
Before sentence carried out
After the sentence…….
Dr. Samuel Mudd
• Dr. Samuel Mudd was
charged with conspiring
with Booth and with aiding
the semi-crippled assassin
during his escape by
sheltering him and setting
his broken left leg.
• Mudd was found guilty and
sentenced to life.
• However, he received a
pardon from President
Andrew Johnson in
February of 1869.
Sam Arnold
• Arnold was charged
with being part of
Booth's earlier plot to
kidnap President
Lincoln.
• He was found guilty
and sentenced to life.
• Like Dr. Mudd, he was
pardoned by Andrew
Johnson early in 1869.
He lived until 1906.
Michael O'Laughlen
• Like Arnold, O'Laughlen
was charged with
conspiracy to kidnap
the president.
• He was found guilty
and sentenced to life.
• He died of yellow fever
in prison at Ft.
Jefferson on September
23, 1867.
Edman "Ned" Spangler
• Spangler was charged
with helping Booth
escape from Ford's
Theatre immediately
after the assassination.
• Spangler was found
guilty and sentenced to
6 years.
• He was pardoned by
President Andrew
Johnson in 1869.
Lincoln’s Funeral Procession
Lincoln lying in state in the White House
The Funeral Procession
• Abraham Lincoln's funeral
train left Washington on
April 21, 1865.
• It would essentially retrace
the 1,654 mile route Mr.
Lincoln had traveled as
President-elect in 1861
Procession Route
• Lincoln's body was
carried by train in a grand
funeral procession
through several states on
its way back to Illinois.
• He was buried in Oak
Ridge Cemetery in
Springfield, where a 177foot-tall granite tomb
surmounted with several
bronze statues of Lincoln.
• The following slide is a
map of the route.
Springfield, Illinois
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am
fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to
Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Comparing plans
• Lincolns 10% plan
– Pardon to any
confederate who takes
an oath of allegiance
to the Union and
accept federal policy
on slavery
• Johnson’s
Presidential
Reconstruction
– Pardoned southerners
who swore allegiance
to the Union
Comparing plans
• Lincolns 10% plan
– Pardon to any confederate
who takes an oath of
allegiance to the Union and
accept federal policy on
slavery
– Denied pardons to all
Confed. military and gov’t.
officials and southerners
that killed African American
POWs.
• Johnson’s Presidential
Reconstruction
– Pardoned southerners who
swore allegiance to the
Union
– Permitted each state to
hold a constitutional
convention (without
Lincoln’s 10% allegiance)
Comparing plans
• Lincolns 10% plan
– Pardon to any confederate
who takes an oath of
allegiance to the Union and
accept federal policy on
slavery
– Denied pardons to all
Confed. military and gov’t.
officials and southerners
that killed African American
POWs.
– After the 10% allegiance,
each state could hold a
convention to create a new
state constitution
• Johnson’s Presidential
Reconstruction
– Pardoned southerners who
swore allegiance to the
Union
– Permitted each state to
hold a constitutional
convention (without
Lincoln’s 10% allegiance)
– States were required to
void secession, abolish
slavery, and repudiate (cast
off or disown) the
Confederate debt.
Comparing plans
• Lincolns 10% plan
– Pardon to any confederate who
takes an oath of allegiance to the
Union and accept federal policy
on slavery
– Denied pardons to all Confed.
military and gov’t. officials and
southerners that killed African
American POWs.
– After the 10% allegiance, each
state could hold a convention to
create a new state constitution
– After a new constitution,
states could hold elections
and resume full
participation in the Union.
• Johnson’s Presidential
Reconstruction
– Pardoned southerners who swore
allegiance to the Union
– Permitted each state to hold a
constitutional convention (without
Lincoln’s 10% allegiance)
– States were required to void
secession, abolish slavery, and
repudiate (cast off or disown) the
Confederate debt.
– After #3 was accomplished,
states could then hold
elections and rejoin the
union.
– * This plan was more generous to
the South, although it denied
pardons to all Conf. leaders, in
reality Johnson often issued pardons
to those who asked him personally.
He pardoned 13,000 southerners.
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of
minimum requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Slavery is Dead?
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
*
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
Congress Breaks with the President
 Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation
of this government in its
original purity and character,
let it be shed; let an altar to
the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take
me and lay me upon it, and
the blood that now warms
and animates my existence
shall be poured out as a fit
libation to the Union.
(February 1866)
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
*
Insure against neo-Confederate political
power.
*
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/39037665#38990389
The Balance of Power in Congress
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
The 1866 Bi-Election
 A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
 Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda
tour around the country to push his plan.
 Republicans
won a 3-1
majority in
both houses
and gained
control of
every northern
state.
Johnson’s “Swing around
the Circle”
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
 Required new state constitutions,
including black suffrage and ratification
of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act
that authorized the military to enroll
eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5
military
districts.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern
Strategy”
1868 Presidential Election
President Ulysses S. Grant
Grant Administration Scandals
 Grant presided over an era of
unprecedented
growth and
corruption.
*
Credit Mobilier
Scandal.
*
Whiskey Ring.
*
The “Indian
Ring.”
The Tweed Ring
in NYC
William Marcy Tweed
(notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)
[Thomas Nast  crusading cartoonist/reporter]
Who Stole the People’s Money?
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
The Election of 1872
 Rumors of corruption
during Grant’s first
term discredit
Republicans.
 Horace Greeley runs
as a Democrat/Liberal
Republican candidate.
 Greeley attacked as a
fool and a crank.
 Greeley died on
November 29, 1872!
1872 Presidential Election
Popular Vote for President: 1872
The Panic of 1873
 It raises “the money
question.”
*
*
debtors seek
inflationary
monetary policy by
continuing circulation
of greenbacks.
creditors, intellectuals
support hard money.
 1875  Specie
Redemption Act.
 1876  Greenback Party formed & makes gains in
congressional races
Legal Challenges
 The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

(reading of the amendment as not confined to protection of freed
slaves, but rather as embracing the common law presumption in
favor of an individual right to pursue a legitimate occupation.)
 Bradwell v. IL (1873)

(ruling that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment did not include the right to practice a profession )
 U. S. v. Reese (1876)

(United States v. Reese was an 1876 voting rights case in which the
United States Supreme Court upheld such practices as the poll tax, the
literacy test, and the grandfather clause. This case helped to undermine
African Americans and their rights included in the 15th Amendment to the
United States Constitution. )
Colfax massacre
• Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, an armed white
militia attacked Republican freedmen who had
gathered at the Colfax, Louisiana courthouse to
protect it from a Democratic takeover. Although
some of the blacks were armed and initially
defended themselves, estimates were that 100280 were killed, most of them following
surrender, and 50 were being held prisoner that
night. A total of three whites were killed.
• Resulting from decision made on
slaughterhouse.
• The word "servitudes" in the 13th amendment refers to
"personal servitudes" not property rights, because of the
qualifying word "involuntary." The purpose of the 13th
amendment was thus to etch freedom for slaves into the
constitution so that it later would not be questioned or
avoided.
• The 14th amendment was a further step needed to
protect former slaves from the "black codes." The 15th
amendment must be grouped in with the 13th and 14th,
and it was specifically for black suffrage.
• These three amendments were ratified to counteract the
specific evils of discrimination against former slaves.
They did not create any further guarantees of privileges
that did not already exist.
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Black & White Political Participation
Establishment of Historically
Black Colleges in the South
Black Senate & House Delegates
Colored Rule
in the South?
Blacks in Southern Politics
 Core voters were black veterans.
 Blacks were politically unprepared.
 Blacks could register and vote in states since
1867.
 The 15th
Amendment
guaranteed
federal voting.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
 Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871
[also known as the KKK Act].
 “The Lost Cause.”
The Lost Cause is the name
commonly given to a literary
and intellectual movement that
sought to reconcile the
traditional white society of the
Southern United States to the
defeat of the Confederate
States of America in the Civil
War of 1861–1865.
 Redeemers

(prewar
Democrats and Union Whigs).
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
 No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
Northern Support Wanes
 “Grantism” & corruption.
 Panic of 1873 [6-year
depression].
 Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars.
 Key monetary issues:
*
*
should the government
retire $432m worth of
“greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
should war bonds be paid back in specie or
greenbacks.
1876 Presidential Tickets
“Regional Balance?”
1876 Presidential Election
The Political Crisis of 1877
 “Corrupt Bargain”
Part II?
Hayes Prevails
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my
Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
A Political Crisis: The “Compromise”
of 1877