Transcript Era 7--chapter 4 Part 2x

AN AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
(1750-1914)
Chapter 4: The Americas [Part 2]
III. National Expansion
A.
Political Growth
1.
As the nation develops, conflicts continue to
arise between the powers of the federal and
state governments
a.
States’ Rights: Claim that the states had
the right to judge whether a law passed
by Congress was “constitutional”
i.
Constitutional: Valid
according to the US
Constitution
B.
Geographic Growth
1.
Westward Expansion
a.
b.
Growing population required more land
i.
35% increase from 1790-1800
ii.
Pioneers: First non-natives to
move to new lands
Frequent conflicts arose between
pioneers and Native Americans
i.
Typically results in Natives
pushed off their land
ii.
Government later takes up the
task of forcing them to move
2.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
a.
b.
France was desperate for cash; we wanted the port
of New Orleans
Napoleon sold us ALL the “Louisiana Territory”
for $15 million (less than 5 cents/acre)
i.
President Jefferson got approval from
Congress to make the purchase
ii.
Spain gave US Florida in exchange for
recognizing no part of TX was in the
purchase
3.
Lewis & Clark Expedition
a.
b.
c.
d.
Set out in 1804 with the task of exploring the new
lands
Known officially as “Corps of Discovery”
Mission was...
i.
Explore new lands
ii.
Find route to Pacific through the Rocky
Mountains
iii.
Scientific discovery
iv.
Open America to fur trading
Reached Pacific in 1805
IV. Industrial Revolution
A.
Began in Britain with the invention of the textile
mill
1.
2.
B.
They tried to keep this process secret
In 1790, the design eventually spreads to US
Inventions
1.
Lowell Water-Powered Mill (1813)
a.
b.
c.
Samuel Slater & Francis Lowell
Raw cotton entered...gears & belts
powered machines...finished cloth
emerged
Always built along rivers (waterwheel)
2.
Standardization (1800)
a.
b.
3.
Steam Boat (1807)
a.
b.
4.
Eli Whitney (also invented cotton gin)
Use of interchangeable parts to speed production
and simplify repairs
Robert Fulton & Henry Shreve
Dangerous, but allowed 2-way river travel and
made trade faster
Railroad (1830s)
a.
b.
c.
1830...30 miles of track
1840...2,800 miles
1850...9,000 miles
C.
Societal/Social Change
1.
Machine-made goods replaced handmade
goods
a.
b.
c.
2.
3.
Faster production
Women entered workforce
Workers no longer needed to be skilled
i.
Even children sent to work now
People moved to cities to work in factories
A new, wealthier economy develops
V. Continued Conflict
A.
War of 1812 (1812-1814)
1.
France & Britain were at war
a.
b.
2.
3.
US army was weak, but our navy was now
strong and experienced
British tried multiple invasions of America,
but the strategy never completely worked
a.
4.
American trading ships were being seized
American sailors were kidnapped and
forced to serve in British navy
The British did burn the capital city of
Washington, DC
War ended in a stalemate (no winner) and no
land changed hand
B.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
1.
Stated that the Americas were closed to
further colonization
a.
b.
Nicknamed after then-president James
Monroe
Basically told Europe to “keep out” of
America
C.
Indian Removal Act (1830)
1.
Called for all Native Americans to move west
of the Mississippi River to live on public
lands
a.
b.
Land was not as fertile
Led to forced relocation of tribes by the
military
i.
Trail of Tears (1838)
ii.
15,000 Cherokee escorted to
Oklahoma (1/4 died on
journey)
D.
Immigration
1.
Two factors...the “Push-Pull Effect”
a.
b.
Push--The following “things” pushed
people out of their home countries:
overpopulation & government
abuse in Europe
Pull—the following “things” pulled
immigrants to the US because the saw
the opportunity for jobs, land, &
freedom in US
2.
E.
F.
Immigrants came from all over Europe
a.
Each immigrant group tended to
settle in similar places
i.
Typically large cities where
there were more jobs
ii.
Created prejudice in these regions
-Prejudice: An unfair opinion about
another not based on facts
Manifest Destiny: Idea that it was America’s “destiny” to stretch
from Atlantic to Pacific
Other Nations
1.
Britain
a.
Compromised on Oregon Territory
i.
Split along 49th parallel, the border
agreed to after War of 1812
ii.
Border still exists today
2.
Mexico
a.
b.
Texas annexed in 1845
i.
Annex: Add to a nation or territory
ii.
Texas recently won independence from
Mexico, but borders still disputed
iii.
Mexico was infuriated
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
i.
Mexico fought over border dispute
ii.
America fought for this reason (and
manifest destiny)
iii.
US wins eventually after capturing
Mexico City
c.
land and
about those
Treaty gives America ALL land from Texas to
California
i.
Known as the Mexican Cession
ii.
US paid $15 million in cash
iii.
Set border as the Rio Grande River
(There were other deals for
territory, but you will learn
in high school.)
VI. Civil War
A.
Causes
1.
Slavery vs. freedom for African Americans
a.
b.
c.
Debate over policy for new states &
territories (free or slave?) in the West
Compromises were attempted
i.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
ii.
Popular Sovereignty: Local
populations could vote on the
question of slavery
iii.
It became a question of “states’
rights”
Political parties were split over this issue
2.
Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Not a single southern state voted for him
He was personally anti-slavery, but politically not
an abolitionist
i.
Abolition: To end (slavery)
ii.
He wanted to prevent it from spreading
SC and other southern states secede
i.
Secede: To leave a nation
Confederate States of America form in 1861
B.
War
1.
The Beginning
a.
b.
2.
The Union (North)
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
April 12, 1861
First shots fired at Fort Sumter, SC
Larger population & army
More industry
Railroad network
Communication networks
The Confederacy (South)
a.
b.
c.
Better leaders (at least at first)
Better strategy
More motivation
4.
The Tide Turns
a.
b.
c.
It is not until the third year of war that North
(also referred to as the Union) gains advantage
i.
Union navy blocks southern exports
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
i.
Lincoln abolishes slavery in the rebelling
states
ii.
Britain stops importing southern cotton
General Grant emerges as a brilliant Union
military commander
5.
The End
a.
b.
c.
April 9, 1865
i.
General Lee & Grant meet at
Appomattox Courthouse to discuss
terms of surrender
13th Amendment (1865)
i.
Abolished slavery
April 15, 1865
i.
Lincoln assassinated by John Wilks Booth
C.
Consequences
1.
Immediate Consequences
a.
b.
Andrew Johnson now president
i.
Lincoln’s mission was to keep
the US intact, but that did not
happen
ii.
Johnson now needs to repair it
Reconstruction: Government plan to
rebuild southern states
i.
1865-1877
ii.
Southerners could once again
become citizens by taking
loyalty oath (except top military
leaders)
iii.
iv.
v.
Civil Rights Act (1866)--Equal rights for ALL
races
14th Amendment (1866)--All people born in US
are citizens and have same rights
15th Amendment (1870)--Gave men of all races
the right to vote
c.
South tries to re-organize society
i.
Despite these efforts, the state
governments in the south continued to
treat African Americans unfairly
ii.
Black Codes: Laws limiting the freedom
of African Americans
iii.
These laws provide the foundation for
segregation and essentially continue to
deny them basic rights
-Segregation: Separation based on race
2. Long-Term Consequences
a.
b.
Power of federal government expanded
i.
First income tax to pay for war
established in 1861
Industrial growth (in the North)