Transcript Reconstruction

Reconstruction
1865 - 1877
Civil War Review
HUMAN TOLL:
◈
North lost 364,000 soldiers
◈
South lost 260,000 soldiers
◈
1 out of 3 southern men were killed or
wounded during the war
PHYSICAL TOLL:
◈ 9,000 miles of the South’s railroad destroyed
◈
⅓ livestock killed
◈
Destroyed farmland, farming equipment,
buildings, and cities
RECONSTRUCTION:
the 12 years after the Civil War when Confederate states were brought back to the United States
Key Questions
1. How can we help
freedmen?
2. How can we rebuild the
South and bring them
back into the Union?
1.Reconstruction Leaders
Frederick Douglass, Robert E. Lee,
Abraham Lincoln, Radical Republicans
Frederick Douglass
◈
◈
◈
◈
Birth name: Frederick Bailey
(changed his name after escaping
slavery)
Abolitionist writer and speaker
Fought for constitutional
amendments that guaranteed equal
voting rights
A powerful voice for human rights
and civil liberties for all
“
Slavery is not abolished until the black man
has the ballot. While the Legislatures of the
South still retain the right to pass laws making
any discrimination between black and white,
slavery still exists.
◈
Frederick Douglass
Robert E. Lee
◈
◈
Urged Southerners to reconcile with
Northerners at the end of the war and reunite
as Americans
◆ Some Southerners wanted to continue
fighting
Became president of Washington College
(now Washington & Lee University)
Abraham Lincoln
◈
◈
◈
◈
16th President of the United States
Believed secession from the Union
was illegal
His plan for Reconstruction was
reconciliation
Preservation of the Union was more
important than punishing the South
◆ Forgive & forget
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
◈
◈
◈
◈
He was killed by John Wilkes
Booth on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s
Theater in Washington, DC
5 days after Robert E. Lee
surrendered at Appomattox to end
the Civil War
Andrew Johnson became President
After Lincoln’s death, Johnson
tried to continue his policies
Radical Republicans
◈
◈
Radical Republicans in
Congress opposed Presidents
Lincoln & Johnson’s plans for
Reconstruction
They created laws and policies
to punish the South
◆ Punish, punish, punish
2. Reconstruction
Policies and Laws
Radical Republicans in Congress created 2
kinds of policies:
1.Laws helping freedmen
2.Laws that punished the South
Life in the South
Black Codes
◈
◈
As freedmen gained their freedom, Southern states started Black
Codes to restrict the rights of freedmen
Examples of Black Codes:
◆ Curfews - could not go out after sunset
◆ Vagrancy - fined a year’s wages for not having a job
◆ Land Restrictions - could only rent homes in rural areas
Carpetbaggers
◈
◈
◈
Northerners who moved to postwar South to profit (make money)
from the South
Named “carpetbaggers” because
of cheap suitcases made of carpet
Southerners resented Northern
carpetbaggers who took
advantage of the South during
Reconstruction
Scalawags
◈
◈
◈
White Southern
Republicans
To be a Southern Republican
was seen as being a traitor to
the South
Why do you think that was?
Helping Freedmen
New Amendments
Amendment: a change to the Constitution
◈ 13th Amendment
◈ 14th Amendment
◈ 15th Amendment
13th Amendment
Abolishes slavery in the United
States and any of its territories
14th Amendment
Grants citizenship to all persons
born in the United States and
guarantees equal protection under
the law (males only)
15th Amendment
Ensures all citizens the right to
vote regardless of race or color
or previous servitude
Radical Republicans
believed the US Army
should force the South
to enforce the 14th
and 15th amendments.
Freedmen’s Bureau
◈
◈
◈
◈
Country’s first federal relief
agency
Established to _____ freedmen in
the South
Gave out meals, medical supplies,
and clothing
Set up schools for African
Americans
◆ Educated more than 250,000
people
Civil Rights Act of 1866
◈ African Americans gained
civil liberties
◆ Made Black Codes
illegal
◆ Authorized the use of
federal troops for its
enforcement
Punishing the South
Military Reconstruction Act
◈
◈
◈
◈
◈
Divided the South into
military districts
Northern soldiers were sent
to enforce Reconstruction
policies
Southern military leaders
could not hold public office
African Americans could
hold public office
Northern soldiers
supervised the South
3. End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
Reconstruction ended with the
Compromise of 1877
◈ Rutherford B. Hayes elected
president by Congress
◈ Southerners agreed to give him
the presidency
◆ In return, federal troops
were removed from the South
◆ Rights that African Americans
had gained were lost through
“Jim Crow” laws
“Jim Crow” Laws
◈
◈
◈
Laws that made discrimination against freedmen legal
Characterized by unequal opportunities in:
◆ Housing
◆ Work
◆ Education
◆ Government
Voter discrimination
◆ Poll Tax: a fee for voting
◆ Literacy Test: tests requiring voters to read and write
Segregation
◈
◈
Separation of people by race
◆ Directed primarily at
African Americans in
the South; however
other groups were
segregated
Native Americans were not
considered citizens until
1924
Plessy vs. Ferguson
◈
◈
Supreme Court case 1896
Established that “separate but
equal” was constitutional
◆ Made segregation legal
Sharecropping
◈
◈
Farming system where
white planters rented
individual pieces of land to
freedmen in return for a
large portion of crops
Limited freedmen’s
economic freedom
Spread of Terror
◈
Secret Societies - Ku Klux
Klan (KKK)
◆ Members wore robes
and masks
◆ Pretended to be ghosts
of Confederate soldiers
coming back for
revenge against the
enemies of the South
Response to “Jim Crow” Laws
African Americans differed in their response to discrimination and
Jim Crow Laws
Booker T. Washington
◈
◈
Famous educator (no formal
education himself)
Believed equality could be achieved
through vocational education;
accepted segregation as a temporary
situation
W.E.B. DuBois
◈
◈
◈
◈
1st African American to earn a PhD
from Harvard
Rejected Booker T. Washington’s
message
Believed in full political, social, and
civil rights for African Americans
Founded NAACP