Transcript Chapter 1 - The University of Texas at Arlington

Psychology 3314
Psychology of Personality
Your instructor: Dr. William Ickes
Distinguished Professor of Psychology
Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin
E-mail: [email protected]
Office: Room 510 Life Science
tickets
tickets = ickes
Intellectual ancestry of William Ickes
William James
Franz Brentano
Herman Lotze
James R. Angell
Carl Stumpf
John B. Watson
Kurt Lewin
Karl Lashley
Leon Festinger
C. P. Stone
Jack Brehm
Harry Harlow
Abraham Maslow
Elliot Aronson
Robert Wicklund
William Ickes
His Students
Textbooks
Chapter 1
What Is Personality?
Human personality is complicated
Influences on behavior that are commonly studied
by personality and social psychologists
Stable
Internal (Dispositional)
External (Situational)
psychological traits
temperaments
personal attitudes, beliefs,
and values
situational factors
emotional environment
stable local norms, beliefs,
and values
psychological states
situational flux, chance
events
current emotional climate
unstable local norms, beliefs,
and values
Unstable
moods
short-term preferences
and whims
Four major themes in personality research
 There are substantial individual differences in the way people
act, think, and feel, even when they are in the “same” situation.
 Despite these differences between people, individuals display
substantial cross-temporal and cross-situational consistency in
their own behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. This is relative
consistency, not absolute consistency.
 Individuals are also self-aware agents who develop self-concepts
which they use to guide and regulate their own behavior.
 Personality displays both continuity and change across the
lifespan.
Situations and dispositions both affect behavior
Example: the number of smiles in two different situations
Participant
Sue
Eddie
Carlos
Anna
Linda
John
Mary
Frank
Party
84
65
51
46
40
33
27
22
Funeral
17
15
11
8
6
4
3
0
There is room for both situational and dispositional
(i.e., individual difference) factors to influence
behavior.
Four major themes in personality research
 There are substantial individual differences in the way people
act, think, and feel, even when they are in the “same” situation.
 Despite these differences between people, individuals display
substantial cross-temporal and cross-situational consistency in
their own actions, thoughts, and feelings.
 Individuals are also self-aware agents who develop self-concepts
which they use to guide and regulate their own behavior.
 Personality displays both continuity and change across the
lifespan.
Your instructor at different ages
Four major themes in personality research
 There are substantial individual differences in the way people
act, think, and feel, even when they are in the “same” situation.
 Despite these differences between people, individuals display
substantial cross-temporal and cross-situational consistency in
their own actions, thoughts, and feelings.
 Individuals are also self-aware agents who develop self-concepts
which they use to guide and regulate their own behavior.
 Personality displays both continuity and change across the
lifespan.
Six approaches to the study of personality
 The psychoanalytic approach
– The classic psychoanalytic approach (Freud)
– The neo-Freudians (Adler, Jung, Erickson, Horney)
 The trait approach (Allport, Cattell, Eysenck)
 The biological approach (Eysenck, Plomin)
 The humanistic approach (Rogers, Maslow)
 The behavioral / social learning approach
– Behaviorism (Watson, Thorndike, Skinner)
– Social learning theory (Rotter, Bandura)
 The cognitive approach (Kelly, Mischel, Beck, Ellis)
Explaining behavior using the six approaches:
The blind men and elephant metaphor
 Explaining aggressive behavior
– Psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic,
behavioral/social learning, and cognitive explanations
 Explaining depressive behavior
– Psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic,
behavioral/social learning, and cognitive explanations
Personality and culture
 Individualistic and collectivistic cultures
– Identity
– Self-esteem
– Definition of success
– Independence versus interdependence with others
The six approaches to personality:
comparisons and contrasts
Genetic
Influence
▲
Biological
▲
Trait
▲
Psychoanalytic
Unaware of
Determinants
▲
▲
Psychoanalytic Behavioral / Social Learning
Biological
Determinism
▲
Behavioral /
Social Learning
Environmental
Influence
▲
_
Humanistic
Behavioral / Social Learning
Cognitive
▲
Psychoanalytic
▲
Trait
▲
Trait
Biological
Conscious of
Determinants
▲
▲
_
Humanistic Cognitive
▲
Cognitive
Free Will
▲
_
Humanistic
The four aspects of each approach to the
study of personality
 Theory
 Assessment
 Research
 Application