Transcript THEORIES OF PERSONALITY - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
FEM4105
Psychology of Personality
& Human Dynamics
BS(PM)-PJJ
Week 3-4
INSTRUCTOR:
SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB, PhD.
[email protected]/012-2841844
Personality Theory
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Psychoanalytic
Social Psychoanalytic
Behaviorism
Social-Learning
Biological
Trait
Cognitive
Humanistic
PSYCHOANALYTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Psychoanalytic
Theory
• “conscious becoming aware of the
unconscious…”
• Accepts the importance of early
childhood experiences and the
unconscious mind.
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Important theorists:
• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung
• Alfred Adler
Sigmund Freud:
Father Of The
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Born in Moravia, on
May 6, 1856
• Lived 78 years
practicing in Vienna,
Austria and
established a private
practice for the
treatment of nervous
disorders.
Determinism Vs Choice
• Biological determinism vs. Psychological
determinism - Freud emphasized
psychological rather than biological as he
said:
“Consciousness knows nothing of. . . neurons.”
Freud’s View Of
A Person
• Human organisms are selfish beings, existing
in a state of external and internal turmoil.
(displaying aggressive and sexual excesses)
– Dominated by forces outside of conscious
control.
Classic Theory: Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual
• Basic tenets:
– Constant struggles between desire
to meet biological urge and realities
of living.
– Unconscious process influence
behavior
Personality Structures
• What lies beneath the surface of the
unconscious mind??
– ID: inborn, operate based on pleasure
and self-satisfaction, powered by libido
– EGO: based on reality, helps to meet
needs of id with considering the reality
situation
– SUPEREGO: based on moral and ethical
restraints
Psychosexual Theory
ORAL STAGE
(Birth to 18 months)
-Focus on oral pleasures (sucking)
-Very dependent on others
-Pessimistic and aggressive behavior dev.
ANAL STAGE
(18 months to three years)
-Focus on eliminating and retaining faeces
-Control anal stimulation (anal expulsive)
-Obsess to cleanliness (perfect or messy)
PHALLIC STAGE
(ages three to six)
-Focus on genitals
-Unconscious sexual desires:
boys to mother(Oedipus Complex);
girls to father(Electra Complex)
LATENCY STAGE
(age six to puberty)
-Sexual urge repressed and libido (energy)
is channeled in to school work or sports
-Id, ego and superego are fully developed
GENITAL STAGE
(adolescence-adulthood)
-Puberty starts as sexual urges are once
again awakened
SOCIAL PSYCHOANALYTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Moving away from Freud- Why?
• Rejected the idea that the adult personality
is formed from experiences in the first 5 or
6 years of life
• Recognized social and cultural forces that
shape individuals
• Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the
role of social forces in shaping personality.
Neo-Analytic Theorists
– Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
– Carl Jung (1875-1961)
– Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994)
– Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Alfred Adler
• Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911
– Adler assumed that humans are
motivated primarily by social urges
Carl Jung
• Reasons he broke from Freud in 1913
– Basic disagreement over the importance
of sex drive
– Tired of Freud’s concern with
pathological side of human nature
The Development of Personality
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No formal stages of development
During childhood…
And a second puberty…
Individuation
Meyers-Briggs type indicator
Erik Homburger Erikson
• Retained Freud’s model of id, ego and
superego with modifications
• Described identity as…
• Confusion about identity or Identity crisis
Personality Development
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Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year old)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler,1-3 year old)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood, 3-6 years old)
Industry vs. Inferiority (Elementary School Age, 7-12)
identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-19)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20-29)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood, 30-50)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age, above 50)
Karen Horney
• Reasons she broke from Freud/Psychoanalytic
Theory 1941
– Could not accept some of Freud’s views
concerning women
– Did not agree with Freud’s penis envy
– More focused on social world and social
motivations than Freudians
Assets of Neo-Analytic Theory
• Emphasizes the self
– cope with emotions and drives on the
inside and the demands of others on
the outside
• Emphasizes the importance of the
positive and goal-oriented nature of
humanity
BEHAVIORISM
PERSPECTIVE
John Watson
What is Behaviorism?
 Understand behavior by focusing on the
external contingencies of reinforcement
(any consequence of an action that
increases the probability of that action
being executed again) and punishment
(any consequence of an action that
decreases the probability of its
repetition)
Theorists of Behaviorism
• Pavlov
• “Classical Conditioning”
• Thorndike
• “Law of Effect”
• Skinner
• “Operant Conditioning”
How can these rules of
behavior, derived from the
experiments with animals be
applied to understanding
human personality?
Applying Behaviorism to
Personality
 B.F. Skinner - most of human behavior
is driven by secondary reinforcers,
such as money & social praise, which
derive their value from primary
reinforcers.
Does Behaviorism explain
personality?
 HOW?
 Human current behavior is the result of their
past learning
 Albert Bandura 
 self-representations
 self-efficacy
SOCIAL LEARNING
(SOCIAL COGNITION)
PERSPECTIVE
Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive Theory
• Focus on
• role of modeling on behavior as
well as the role of social
influences, expectations, and
interpretations on behavior.
Bandura’s Self-Efficacy
in personality development
 Can a person’s self-efficacy be
changed?
 HOW?
 People organize their perceptions, thoughts
and beliefs about a situation in simple and
meaningful ways (grouping, categorizing),
which will then determine their behavior
and personality
BIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Biological Perspective
In Personality
• Theorists use biological processes in an attempt
to fill in the gap between personality and
genetics by inferring, theorizing and researching
biological links with behavior.
• Ernst Kretchmer (a physician, in 1925)
proposed a correlation of mental disorder with
the three body types: obese, muscular, thin.
Biological Perspective
In Personality
• Personality are inherited from parent genes
passing the inherited characteristics.
(Evolutionary)
• Biological processes is concerned with how
these genes influence behavior through the
various chemicals within the brain.
(Biological theory)
• Temperament: individual differences in
- reactivity
- self-regulation
TRAIT
PERSPECTIVE
Definition
• What is TRAIT?
– A habitual patterns of behavior, thought,
and emotion, which is stable over time
– Every individual have different trait.
• Traits serve three major functions:
– To summarize, predict, and explain a
person’s conduct
Theorists
• Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
• Raymond B. Cattell (1905-1998)
• Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997)
Allport’s Disposition Theory
 Allport suggested that each individual has
a unique set of personality traits/personal
dispositions
 Four categories of traits:
 Cardinal: Strongly recognized and
dominant, not many people have them
 Central: Basic, characterize daily
interaction, most people have 5-10
 Secondary: Exhibited in specific
situation only, easily modified than
central traits
 Common: Recognized within a culture,
vary between cultures.
Cattell’s Trait Theory
• Three sources of data are required to
uncover all the major dimensions of
personality:
– L-data (life data): data gathered from
one’s life record(e.g.rating of peer/official)
– Q-data (questionnaire data): information
gathered from questionnaire and
interview (e.g. self rating questions)
– T-data (experimental data): information
gathered from objective testing situations.
Subject often unaware of being measured
Hans J. Eysenck
• Eysenck
– extroversion-introversion: shy, quiet people
(introverts) versus out-going, even loud people
(extroverts). More likely to take risks and make friends.
– neuroticism-stability: emotional stable or instable,
tendency to become emotionally upset.
• Focus on higher levels of trait organization called types:– Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits)
– Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities
(habits)
Five Factor Model
(Robert McCrae & Paul T. Costa Jr.)
1. Extraversion-introversion: shows how much they
relate to and prefer to work with other people (prefer
group activities/prefer individual activities)
2. Neuroticism-stability: shows tendency to worry
(overall calm/anxious disposition)
3. Conscientiousness-undirectedness: shows how
structured we are (rigid schedule/laid back)
4. Agreeableness-antagonism: shows levels of empathy
and aggressiveness (understanding/skeptical)
5. Openness to experience: shows levels of practicality
and curiousity (interested in new ideas/traditional)
COGNITIVE
PERSPECTIVE
Cognitive Perspective
• Cognitive theory focused on the
individual's thoughts as the determinate
of his or her emotions and behaviors 
personality.
George Kelly:
pioneer in 1930s
• Kelly criticized Psychoanalytic and
behaviorism perspectives.
• individual differences as a result of
how we interpret and predict the
events that affect us.
Kelly’s 3 big ideas
– What we think determines what we do.
– Some properties of our thoughts.
– Techniques can help people change.
Albert Ellis
 Ellis interpretation of
cognitive model is often
described as the A-B-C
process.
 According to Ellis, we
experience:
Cognitive Social Learning Theory
• Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel
• cognitive factors  determine how
people will react to environmental
forces.
Cognitive Theory:
Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective
Personality System
• Mischel
• Cognitive factors  important in shaping
personality.
• How??????
• Also recognize inconsistency of some
behaviors
Cognitive Theory: Mischel’s
Cognitive-Affective Personality
System
• Inconsistency of some behaviors
are due to:
– Consistency Paradox
– Person-Situation Interaction
HUMANISTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Humanistic Approach
 Humanistic personality theorists
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- Rollo May
Humanistic Approach
 It encompasses phenomenological and
existential approaches to human
nature.
- Phenomenological
- Focus on subjective experience
- Existentialism
- Focus on the authenticity, freedom,
responsibility, and individual options when
confronted with threat of meaningless and
non-existence
Abraham Maslow
 "hierarchy of needs,“
- a series of needs that people
need to satisfy before they could
reach their full potential.
- emphasized on particular needs that
people need to satisfy before they
could become self-actualized.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
Carl Rogers
• Influence of psychotherapy:
• the purpose of psychotherapy was to
help patients find their "true selves."
• emphasizing on:
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Conditional Positive Regard
Rollo May
• COURAGE TO BE!
• each person need to take responsibility
for his or her own choices even though
constantly threatened by failure and,
more importantly the possibility of nonbeing (death or dissolution).
• personal growth and self-actualization 
the result of courageously facing one's
anxiety