Transcript Psychology Perception

Psychology
Perception
May 16, 2008
Focusing on 5
personality theories.
• Psychodynamic (done last week)
• Humanistic
• Behavioral
• Trait
• Social Cognitive
Humanistic
• 2 theorists: Rogers and Maslow
• Background: belief that each
individual is unique with their
differences.
Carl Rogers
• People are rational
• Stressing the importance of
conscious level to relation to
rationality.
• Coined the term: Unconditional
Positive Regard
Unconditional Positive
Regard (UPR)
• Suggest that individual
differences must be accepted.
• UPR consists of acceptance,
warmth, and any that could
lead to positive self-regards /
to make he or she feels good
about him or herself.
Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of needs and the
striving for self-actualization.
Self
Actualization
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety Needs
Psychological Needs
Behavioral
• According to Behaviorists: BF
Skinner, John Watson,
personality is not observable
because it’s unseen.
• Behaviorists believe that our
behaviors are influenced by our
environment and surroundings.
Why theories of Behavior are
included for explaining Personality?
What’s the connection?
Trait
Difference of Characteristic
• Trait theorists view personality
as consistent pattern of
thought, feeling, and behavior
that last quite some time and
situations.
• We’ll discuss: Gordon Allport
and Hans Eysenck.
Allport (1897-1967)
• Cardinal Trait: all-consuming
characteristic that guides
behavior. I.e: Power
• Central Trait: one that
influences behavior. I.e:
Integrity, sense of respect.
• Secondary Trait: Attitudes or
Preferences.
Eysenck (1916-1997)
Personality Dimensions
• Extraversion - Introversion (EI)
• Neuroticism - Emotional
Stability (N-ES)
• Psychoticism - Impulse Control
(P-IC)
E-I
• Extraversion: outgoing, social,
open, focus on others.
• Introversion: focus on self,
thoughts and feelings, rather
shy.
N-EI
• Neuroticism: Difficult to control
emotions > anxious, low selfesteem.
• Emotional Stability:
Demonstrate control of
emotion > calm.
P-IC
• Psychoticism: Difficult with
impulse control >
uncooperative, insensitive.
• Impulse Control: Demonstrate
control of impulse > warm,
helpful.
5 Factor Model of Personality
by Robert McRae and Paul Costa
• Extroversion - talkative, active, confident,
optimistic, sociable.
• Agreeableness - generous, accommodating,
warm, considerate, sympathetic.
• Conscientiousness - competent, organized,
consistent, responsible, ethical.
• Emotional Stability - calm, even-tempered,
not emotional, good manner.
• Openness - introspective, deep, insightful,
creative, sophisticated.
Social Cognitive
• Emphasize on the role of
environment, social influence,
and cognition on personality
development.
Julian Rotter (1916)
• Consider locus control in
relation with personality.
• 2 types of locus control
• Locus: particular position / place.
2 Types of Locus Control
• Internal: we believe that we
receive reinforcement (support) as
a result of our own behavior. I.e:
Salary increase caused by having
overtime.
• External: Receiving reinforcement
as a result of something apart from
ourselves, out of our control. I.e:
Salary increase as Government
regulation about minimum labor
wage.