Chapter 5: Managerial Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility
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Transcript Chapter 5: Managerial Ethics & Corporate Social Responsibility
Chapter 10
Understanding
Individual Behavior
Attitudes: The ABC Model
Affect
» Feelings for an object
Behavioral
Intentions
» Potential Behavior toward it
Cognition
» Beliefs about it
Other Attitudes
Job Satisfaction
Enjoyment of your specific job
Organizational Commitment
Positive feelings, Pride, Loyalty, etc.
concerning the organization as a whole
Organizational Citizenship
Behaviors to help the organization that
are outside of one’s job duties
Attitude Change Techniques
Persuasion
» Cognition -> Behavior
Conditioning
» Affect -> Cognition -> Behavior
Cognitive Dissonance Production
» Behavior -> Cognition
Perception
“The link between the person and the
environment”
Broadly defined, includes Social
Perception (impressions of people)
Perception
Why are perceptions often distorted?
» Why do people not always perceive things as
they are?
» Why do people perceive things differently?
– Different people
– Same person at different times
Sources of Perceptual
Distortions/Differences
Selectivity (perceiving only part of envir. or
attending to some parts more than others)
» External Factors (i.e., in physical envir.)
– Similarity
– Size
– Nearness
– Motion
» Internal Factors
– Experience
– Motivation
Sources of Perceptual
Distortions/Differences
Closure (adding to your perception)
» Stereotyping
» Halo Effects
» Attribution
Attributions
Perceived causes of behavior
Major concern: whether caused by
internal or external factors
(the person or the environ.)
Our judgments based on 1) whether a
person acts like other people do and
2) whether a person does something
repeatedly and in a variety of
situations
Common Attributional Errors
Fundamental Attribution Error
» We Perceive others’ behaviors as
more Internally caused than they are
Self-Serving Bias
» We perceive our own:
–Success as Internal
–Failure as External
Personality
Internal State
Uniqueness
Consistency
Stability
Personality Theories
Developmental Stage (Psychodynamic)
» (Freud, etc.)
Trait-Based (“Big Five”, etc.)
» e.g., Neurotic, Extraversion, Authoritarian (Eysenck)
Motive-Based
» e.g., Achievement, Affiliation, Power (McClelland)
Belief-Based
» e.g., Internal vs. External Locus of Control (Rotter)
Locus of Control
» People who believe that individuals are
in control of their own lives have an
Internal locus of control.
» People who think that forces beyond
their control dictate what happens to
them have an External locus of control.
Emotional Intelligence
Dimensions
1)
2)
3)
4)
Knowing one’s own emotions
Controlling one’s emotions
Recognizing others’ emotions
(Empathy)
Social Skill - Controlling others’
emotions
Emotional Intelligence
Author Daniel Goleman says
incompetence in management occurs
more often from lack of EQ than lack
of IQ.
EQ skills are essential in managing
conflict
Types of Learning
Shaping
» Learn by doing
» Small, Reinforced Steps
Modeling (Social Learning)
» Learn by observing someone else
» Consequences to Model are important
Mental Ability
General Intelligence (g factor)
» Correlation with Job Performance
Specific Intelligences (s factors)
» Correlation with Job Satisfaction
Testing Intelligence
and Personality
When using in selection and
placement: Back up with validity
studies.
In General:
» Intelligence - Moderate Validity
» Personality - Low Validity
Cognitive (ProblemSolving) Styles
How do we gather information?
» Sensing - Look at the facts, details.
» Intuiting - Brainstorm, get a general overview.
How do we choose between alternatives?
» Thinking - Analyze objectively, reason.
» Feeling - Consider the impact on people.
Cognitive Styles
Sensation / Thinking (ST) (e.g., technician)
Intuitive / Thinking (NT) (e.g., planner)
Sensation / Feeling (SF) (e.g., salesperson)
Intuitive / Feeling (NF) (e.g., artist)
Myers-Briggs Test
Has 4 dimensions (incl. Sensation vs.
Intuition and Thinking vs. Feeling)
Also Includes:
» Extraversion vs. Introversion
» Judger vs. Perceiver
– (decisive vs. flexible)
The Myers-Briggs
Framework
Higher and lower positions in each of
the dimensions are used to classify
people into one of sixteen different
personality categories.
Consequences of Stress
Psychological
» moodiness, depression, emotional fatigue
Physiological
» cardiovascular diseases
» ulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches
Behavioral
» poor performance, accidents
» absenteeism
» workplace aggression
Sources of Stress
Experience
» Job Conditions
» Job Events
» Life Events
» Life Conditions
Personal Characteristics
» Personality
» Coping Behaviors
(These and other factors influence how
people much stress people feel.)
Sources of Stress
Job
Conditions
» Intrinsic to the Job
» Being in the Organization
» Roles in the Organization
» Career Development
» Relations within the Organization
» Organization interface with the
outside
Sources of Stress
Intrinsic
to the Job - Examples
» Making decisions
» Unstructured tasks
» Constant monitoring
» Repeated exchange of info with others
» Dealing with the public
» Unpleasant physical conditions
Sources of Stress
Job
Events & Life Events
» Even “good” things can be
stressful, because change is
generally stressful.
Sources of Stress
Life
Conditions
» Urban Stress Test
–Measures: Population Change,
Crowding, Education, Violent Crime,
Unemployment, Per Capita Income,
Birth Rate, Air Quality, Hazardous
Wastes, Water Supply & Quality,
Wastewater Treatment
–Does not include: Climate, Cultural
Offerings, NFL Football
Sources of Stress
Personality
» Type A Behaviors
–Highly Competitive
–Impatient
–High Job Involvement
» Determinants of Type A Personality
–Sensitive Nervous System
–Demanding Parents (love contingent
upon achievement)
Coping with Stress
DESCRIPTIONS
Primary Prevention
EXAMPLES
Primary Prevention
» Change how you do
things to remove
stressors from your life
Secondary Prevention
» Time management, skill
enhancement,
delegation, job redesign
» Prepare yourself to
withstand stressors
Treatment
» Treat the stress effects
you already have
Secondary Prevention
» Exercise, diet,
recreation, sleep,
relaxation, meditation
Treatment
» Professional help,
social support