Transcript Chapter 8x
Chapter 8 Adolescents, Young Adults, and Adults Introduction • Adolescents and young adults (10-24) • Adolescence generally regarded as puberty to maturity • Adults (25-64) • Years between 10 and 64 some of the most productive years of people’s lives • Most enjoy the best health of their lives • Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years Adolescents and Young Adults • Represent the future of the nation • Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood • Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations • Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes • Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated Demography • Number of adolescents and young adults • In 2010, over 1/5 of U.S. population • In 2012, ~55% of adolescents were nonHispanic white • Living arrangements • In 2010, > 1/4 lived in single parent families • Variations by race and ethnicity Demography (ctd) • Employment status and health care access • Participation in labor force has remained fairly constant in recent decades • Disparities by race and ethnicity • Employment status impact on access to health insurance, health care Mortality • Significant decline in death rates over past several decades; mostly due to advances in medicine and injury and disease prevention • Male mortality rate higher than female • Most threats stem from behavior rather than disease • Unintentional injuries (42%), homicide (16%), suicide (16%) • Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death Death Rates by Leading Causes, Ages 15-24 Morbidity • Communicable diseases • Measles immunizations important • Sexually transmitted diseases • This age group acquires nearly half of all new STDs in the U.S. • Some effects can last a lifetime Health Behaviors of High School Students • • • • • Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors – unintended pregnancies and STDs • Physical activity and sedentary behaviors • Overweight and weight control Health Behaviors of College Students • • • • • Unintentional injuries Violence Tobacco use Alcohol and other drugs Sexual behaviors – unintended pregnancies and STDs Protective Factors • Protective factors – individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stressful life events, increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards, and promote social and emotional competence • Examples: school connectedness, community service Community Health Strategies • Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing • Alcohol use a main problem Adults • Ages 25-64 • Represent more than half of U.S. population Health Profile • Mortality • Mainly from chronic diseases • Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices • Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults Adult Death Rates, Ages 25-44 Adult Death Rates, Ages 45-64 Cancer • #1 cause of death for adults ages 45-64 • Males – prostate, lung, and colorectal • Females – breast, lung, and colorectal Cardiovascular Diseases • Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years • Mainly due to public health efforts related to smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition Health Behaviors • Risk factors for chronic disease • Most significant for adults – smoking, lack of exercise, BMI, alcohol • Risk factors for personal injury • Motor vehicle safety – seatbelts and alcohol use • Awareness and screening of certain conditions • Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol Community Health Strategies • Role of individual behavior, social factors, environmental factors, and previous influences on their health across lifespan • Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults • Primary – exercise and nutrition programs • Secondary – self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes • Tertiary – medication compliance Discussion Questions • Why are lifestyle and health behaviors significant for the adult age group compared to other age groups? • How can community health efforts affect leading causes of death for the adolescent and young adult age group?