Transcript Chapter 1

Chapter 1
A Nation at Risk:
The Need for Comprehensive
School Health Education
Causes of Deaths Among Young
People
• Motor vehicle crashes
• Other intentional injuries (falls, fires,
drownings)
• Homicide
• Suicide
•Many of these deaths are preventable
Prominent Causes of Deaths in
Adults
• Heart disease, cancer, and
stroke
• Habits established in
childhood and adolescence
often contribute to these
diseases
• Causes are due to:
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Dietary habits
Cigarette smoking
Alcohol use
Inactivity
What Are Risk Behaviors?
• Action a person chooses that threatens health
• Can cause injury, illness, and premature death
• Most risk behaviors:
– Are established during youth
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Persist into adulthood
Are interrelated
Contribute to poor health, education, social outcomes
Are preventable
6 Categories of Risk Behavior
for Today’s Students
Identified by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
• Behaviors contributing to unintentional/
intentional injuries
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol and other drug use
6 Categories of Risk Behavior
for Today’s Students (cont’d)
Identified by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
• Sexual behaviors resulting in unintended
pregnancy and STDs
• Dietary patterns contributing to disease
• Insufficient physical activity
Risk behavior = action a person chooses that threatens health
Unintentional Injuries
Caused by an Accident
• Motor vehicle–related injuries
• Fires
• Drowning
• Others including: falls, suffocation, poisoning,
etc.
Intentional Injuries
Involving interpersonal violence and self-directed violence
(Physical force used to cause injury)
• Domestic violence (i.e., child abuse)
• Bullying and fighting
• Homicide
• Suicide
Child Abuse
• Harmful treatment of a minor
• Includes physical, emotional, sexual abuse,
and neglect
• Over 3 million are reported as victims to the
Child Protection Services (CPS)
• Over one thousand die from abuse annually
Tobacco Use
• Cigarettes, pipes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco
• Most preventable cause of death in the U.S.
• 29.2% male and 27.7% female are smokers
(2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey)
• Each day, 4,400 youths (aged 12-17) try cigarette
smoking
• Depression linked to smoking (Goodman &
Capitman, 2000)
Alcohol Use
• Psychoactive drug that depresses the CNS
• Average age of students who start to drink is
between 12-13
• One third of students report episodic heavy
drinking, having 5 or more drinks on a single
occasion in the past month
•Associated with crimes, injuries, and other problems among youths
Other Drug Use
• Illicit drug use has increased in grades 8,
10, 12
• One fourth of high school students have
tried marijuana (Grunbaum, 2002)
• Gateway drug to other illicit drugs
Sexual Behaviors Contributing to
Unintended Pregnancy & STDs
• 45.6% of high school students report
sexual intercourse experience
• Early sexual experiences increase risk of
pregnancy and STDs
• The greater number of sex partners
heightens the risk for STDs, especially HIV
HIV Infection
Human immunodeficiency virus destroys the
body’s immune system, leading to AIDS
There is currently no cure for AIDS
Bodily fluids can transmit the virus via
unprotected sexual intercourse
The number of 12-21 year olds infected with
HIV is increasing
Unintended Pregnancies
• Sexually active students risk unintended
pregnancies
• The United States has one of the highest
adolescent birth rates among developed
nations
• Teen moms are likely to have a second birth
within 24 months after the first birth (National
Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2002)
Dietary Patterns that
Contribute to Disease
• Chronic diseases are linked to poor eating
habits
• More young people do not meet
recommendations for healthy eating
• Excess calories lead to obesity, which has
doubled for adolescents (Ogden et al.,2003)
• Adolescents and children often skip breakfast,
which affects performance
• Many adolescents develop eating disorders due
to low self-esteem, negative body image, or
feelings of inadequacy
Insufficient Physical Activity
• Physical activity is body movement from
skeletal muscles that leads to energy
expenditure
– Many young people do not get enough
physical activity
– Fewer children are enrolling in daily P.E.
– Use of TV and video games contributes to
this pattern
Healthy People 2010 (Table 1-1)
• Represents ideas of organizations and
individuals concerning the nation’s health
• Two goals set by Healthy People 2010
– Increase quality and years of healthy life
– Eliminate health disparities
CDC School Health Guidelines
• Intended to help personnel working in schools
and community-based programs meet national
health objectives
– Guidelines to:
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Prevent the spread of AIDS
Prevent tobacco use and addiction
Promote lifelong healthy eating
Promote physical activity among young people
Prevent skin cancer
Prevent unintentional injuries and violence
Safe and Drug-Free Schools
Program
• Federal initiative that supports efforts to
reduce drugs, alcohol, tobacco use, and
violence through education and
prevention activities
• Provides grants to states, local education
agencies, communities, and schools
The National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health
• Federally funded initiative
• Studies adolescent health, risk behaviors, resilience, and
protective factors
• Largest and most comprehensive survey of adolescents in
the U.S.
• Results show that teenagers who have a feeling of
“connectedness” with parents and schools are less likely to
have unhealthful behavior development and are more likely
to make better choices
The Coordinated
School Health Program
1.
Addresses complete physical, emotional, intellectual, and
social well-being of students and staff
2.
School health services and programs promote healthy
living and safe environment
3.
Creates achievement and success
4.
Seeks active partnerships with community-based
agencies and personnel
5.
Implements changes via a School Health Coordinator,
who is responsible for the evaluation and administration
of the program
•See figure 1-1 for components
The Coordinated
School Health Program (cont’d)
1. Comprehensive school health
education
2. School health services
3. A healthful and safe school environment
4. Physical education
The Coordinated
School Health Program (cont’d)
5. Nutrition services
6. Counseling, psychological, social
services
7. Health promotion for staff
8. Family and community involvement
The Meeks Heit Umbrella of Comprehensive
School Health Education
Designed to protect youth from the six categories of risk
behaviors identified by the CDC by:
1. Teaching them to comprehend health
knowledge
2. Accessing health information, products,
and services
3. Practicing healthful behaviors
4. Managing stress
5. Analyzing influences on health
The Meeks Heit Umbrella of Comprehensive
School Health Education (cont’d)
6.
Using communication skills
7.
Using resistance skills
8.
Using conflict resolution skills
9.
Setting health goals
10. Making responsible decisions
11. Advocating for health
12. Demonstrating good character
The Meeks Heit Umbrella of
Comprehensive School Health
Education Categories
• Mental and Emotional
Health
• Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Other Drugs
• Family and Social Health
• Communicable and
Chronic Disease
• Growth and
Development
• Nutrition
• Personal Health and
Physical Activity
• Consumer and
Community Health
• Environmental Health
• Injury Prevention and
Safety
Implementing the Comprehensive
School Health Education Curriculum
• Qualified and trained teachers
• Standards-based curricula and assessment
• Addressing the needs of diverse learners
• Integrating health content into other subject
areas
• Using principles of effective Health Education
Curricula
Chapter 1
A Nation at Risk:
The Need for Comprehensive School Health Education