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Social identity inclusiveness
in the context of Western Balkans
Masha Pavlovic
PhD student at University of Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
January 2016, University of Saarland, Saarbrucken
When I introduced myself…
Serbian citizen
Maša Pavlović
WOMAN
PSYCHOLOGIST
PhD Student
friendly person
good colleague
When I introduced myself…
SOCIAL IDENTITY
Serbian citizen
Maša Pavlović Serbian ethnicity
WOMAN
PhD Student
PSYCHOLOGIST
ATHEIST
friendly person
good colleague
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Social identity (SI)
Social Identity: portion of an individual’s self concept
derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group
(Tajfel & Turner, 1986)
Social identities have consequences for individuals’ evaluations,
feelings and actions toward others, favouring others that are
perceived as belonging to their own ingroup (e.g., Tajfel & Turner,
1979; Terry, Hogg & White, 2000).
Measurement of SI
• Measuring the degree of importance or commitment
to a given social group in isolation from other identity
groups (e.g. Ellemers, Spears, & Doosje, 2002)
Please, rate the extent to which belonging to different social
groups is important to you personally…
Ethnical group………………………………………..1…2…3…4….5
Religious group………………………………………1…2…3…4….5
….
• Single in-group / out-group categorization
• Neglects the multitude of social identities and
complexity with which two or more social identities
may interact
Measurement of SI: New perspectives
Constellation of person’s diverse identities
How different identities relate,
rather than identities per se,
might be more relevant for
intergroup relations and biases
Measurement of SI: New perspectives
Turkish
German citizensGerman citizensethnicity Muslim
Muslim
Turkish
ethnicity
Cross-cutting group membership vs single in-group / out-group
categorization
Is this complexity reflected in individuals’ perceptions and
how?
Social identity inclusiveness
(SII, Van Dommelen et al., 2015)
German
citizens
Muslims
Turkish
German
citizens
Muslims
Turkish
German
citizens
Muslims
Turkish
• How exclusively or inclusively one defines the in-group
from the combination of multiple cross-cutting categories
• How one makes a subjective boundary between ingroup
and outgroup
Social identity inclusiveness
SII varies on a continuum from a very restricted
to a highly inclusive social self
ALL BEINGS?
German citizens of
German ethnicity
and catholic
religion and
males…
All German citizens
regardless of their
ALL HUMAN BEINGS
ethnicity and religion
Social identity inclusiveness
• Different construct from the strength of
identification with different social groups as single
categories (Van Dommelen et al., 2015)
• Positively related to attitudes towards a range of
outgroups (Van Dommelen et al., 2015)
• Positively related to quality and quantity of contact
with outgroups (Van Dommelen et al., 2015)
Research evidence is scarce.
Research so far conducted on minority members only
ABOUT THE PROJECT
About the project
Project title: From Inclusive Identities to Inclusive Societies:
Exploring Complex Social Identity in the Western Balkans
Project mentor: Dr. Felicia Pratto
Implementing institutions:
1. Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade (leading institution)
2. Faculty of Philosophy, Skopje
3. Faculty of Philosophy, Banja Luka
4. Sarajevo School of Science and Technology
5. Individual researchers from Macedonia and Kosovo
Project duration: 18 months
Supported by: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation,
Regional Research Promotion Program (RRPP) Western Balkans,
Freiburg University
About the project: PROJECT GOALS
• To explore the complexity and inclusiveness of
social identity among youth in Western Balkans.
• To explore relationships between social identity
complexity and inclusiveness and a number of
socially relevant attitudes and behaviors (attitudes
towards out-groups, political attitudes, civic activism
etc.).
• To define contexts that foster complex and inclusive
social identities.
Today’s presentation
• Social identity inclusiveness (SII) among
minorities and majorities
• Relation between SII and following constructs:
– single identifications with different social groups
– quality and quantity of intergroup contact
– outgroup attitudes
• Ability of SII to predict outgroup attitudes
beyond single identifications and contact
measures
The research context
The research context: Western Balkans
The research context: Western Balkans
Bosniaks (Muslims), app. 40%
Serbs (Orthodox), app 36%
Serbs (Orthodox), app 83%
Bosniaks (Muslims), app 2%
Albanians (Muslims), app 95%
Serbs (Orthodox), app 4%
Macedonians (Orthodox), app 64%
Albanians (Muslims), app 25%
The research context: Western Balkans
• Long and relatively recent history of interethnic
conflicts
• Still prevalent and deep ethnic and religious
divisions
• Minority groups are not well integrated and
deprived of access to resources
• Ethnic divisions and segregation still in the
everyday life
• Ethnic and religious identification closely
intertwined
Methodology
Methodology
Sample size & structure: 816 participants of different educational
level, aged between 20 and 30 (M=23.8 SD=3.1), 50.4% females,
Methodology
• Procedure: electronic testing in controlled
conditions (Qualtrics)
• Master questionnaire developed in English,
translated to local languages
Methodology
Measures:
1. Social identity inclusiveness
• Triple card sorting task
2. Strength of identification with different social
groups as single categories
3. Outgroup contact
• Frequency of contact
• Quantity of contact
4. Outgroup attitudes
• Feeling thermometers
• Social distance
1. Social identity inclusiveness
• Triple categorization task: categorization into “US” or “THEM”
• Stimuli varied by: ethnicity, nationality and religious affiliation
• 24 combinations
• Triple in-groupers
• Double in-groupers
• Single in-groupers
• Triple out-groupers
Triple INGROUPER
(Participant’s nationality, ethnicity & religion are the same)
Citizen of Serbia
Serbian ethnicity
Christian Orthodox
Milica Popovic
US
THEM
Stimuli from the triple categorization task
Double INGROUPER
(two of participant’s identities are the same – one changes)
Citizen of Serbia
Serbian ethnicity
Muslim
Lejla Kovacevic
US
THEM
Stimuli from the triple categorization task
Single INGROUPER
(one of participant’s identities is the same – two differ)
Citizen of Serbia
Bosniak ethnicity
Muslim
Aida Spahić
US
THEM
Stimuli from the triple categorization task
Triple OUTGROUPER
(all three identities are not those of the participant)
Citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosniak
Muslim
Ajsa Halilovic
US
THEM
Stimuli from the triple categorization task
1. Social identity inclusiveness
• Structure of the task:
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
• Gender of the person presented on a card was
matched with a participant’s gender
• Measure: the number of persons categorized as US
2. Strength of social identifications
Strength of identification with different social groups as
single categories:
Personal importance of different social groups, rated on 5
point scales:
ethnicity, religion, country, city/town where I come
from, Balkans, Europe
3. Outgroup contact
Frequency of contact with the outgroups
Frequency of participant’s exposure to out-group members in
three different settings (university, neighbourhood, free time).
The scale ranged from 0 (never) to 5 (very often).
Quality of contact with the outgroups (only those who
reported contact)
Four emotions: two positive (pleasant, respected) and two
negative (nervous, looked down upon) . The scale ranged from
0 (Not at all) to 5 (Very much).
4. Outgroup attitudes
Feelings towards social groups
Feeling thermometer – participants indicated the warmth of
their feelings towards out-groups (religious and ethnical ),
using the scale from 0 to 100 degrees:
00
Muslims
Orthodox
Christians
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4. Outgroup attitudes
Muslim
Orthodox
Christian
Serb
Bosniak
Albanian
Macedonian
Social distance toward outgropus:
Participants indicate how willing are they to engage in different
relationships with typical members of different outgroups.
I wouldn’t mind living in the same neighbourhood
with ...
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
I wouldn’t mind working or going to university with
...
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
I wouldn’t mind having a close friend who is a ...
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
I wouldn’t mind marrying or dating a ...
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
Results and discussion
Social identity inclusiveness
24
18
71
o
12
Majority
Minority
6
15,1
11,9
t(193)=4.8,
p <.001
13,4 13,6
13,4
12,2
t(213)= 0.6,
p =ns.
t(210)=1.7,
p =.09
Macedonia
Bosnia
11,7
13,2
t(213)= -2.5,
p =.01
0
Serbia
Kosovo
Social identity inclusiveness
higer values indicate greater inclusiveness
Strength of social identifications
Majority
Minority
5
5
4
4
3
2
Serbia
Macedonia
3
2
Bosnia
1
Kosovo
1
Figure 1: Strength of different identifications by country and majority/minority status
(1 = of no importance; 5 = highly important)
Strength of social identifications
Figure 2. Strength of identification with ethnicity, religion
and nationality, by majority/minority status
(1 = of no importance; 5 = highly important)
Contact with the outgroups
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Frequency of
contact with
members of the
other ethnicity
1.5
1.0
Quality of contact
with members of
the other ethnicity
0.5
0.0
Serbian
Bosnian
Serbia
Serbian
Bosnian
Bosnia
Albanian
Kosovo
Serbian
Macedonian
Albanian
Macedonia
Figure 7. Frequency and quality of contact with ethnic out-groups by country and ethnicity
(0= lack of contact/non positive experience; 5 = high frequency of contact/positive experience)
Social distance and feelings towards
outgroups
5
100
80
4
60
3
2,24
2,67
2,52
2,08
2
Majority
44,7 40,9
50,4
41,5
40
Minority
20
1
0
Social distance - Ethnic
outgroup
Social distance Religious outgroup
Feelings - Ethnic
outgroup
Feelings - Religious
outgroup
Figure 5: Social distance and feelings towards ethnic and religious outgroups, by majority/minority status
(1 = low distance; 5 = high distance; 0 – extremely cold feelings; 100 = extremely warm feelings)
Social distance toward outgroups
4.00
3.50
Social distance Ethnic outgroup
3.00
2.50
Social distance Religious outgroup
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Serbian
Bosnian
Serbia
Serbian
Bosnian
Bosnia
Albanian
Serbian
Kosovo
Macedonian
Albanian
Macedonia
Figure 6: Social distance towards ethnic and religious outgroups, by country and ethnicity
(1 = low distance; 5 = high distance)
Feelings towards the outgroups
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
Thermometer Ethnic
outgroup
20.0
Thermometer Religious
outgroup
10.0
0.0
Serbian
Bosnian
Serbia
Serbian
Bosnian
Bosnia
Albanian
Kosovo
Serbian
Macedonian
Albanian
Macedonia
Figure 6: Feelings towards ethnic and religious outgroups, by country and ethnicity
(0 – extremely cold feelings; 100 = extremely warm feelings)
Relation between SII and other constructs
Social identity inclusiveness
Minority Majority
Overall
Strenght of identifications
Ethnicity
Religion
Country of residence
Contact
Frequency of contact
Quality of contact
-.215**
-.155**
.003
-.339**
-.311**
-.272**
-.277**
-.235**
-.123**
.065
.121*
.161**
.365**
.112**
.242**
-.186**
.011
-.416**
-.396**
-.305**
-.180**
.217**
.226**
.350**
.301**
.285**
.266**
Social distance
Ethnic outgroup
Religious outgroup
Feeling thermometer
Ethnic outgroup
Religious outgroup
Prediction of outgroup attitudes: Hierarchical regression
Social distance
β
EO
Feeling thermometer
RO
EO
RO
Ethnicity
0.10*
0.00
-0.16**
-0.15**
Religious group
0.06
0.12*
-0.03
-0.13**
Country
0.04
-0.01
0.12**
0.17**
ΔR²
.17
.08
.14
.15
ΔF
46.2**
19.0**
35.1**
38.9**
Frequency of cont.
-0.27**
-0.26**
0.25**
0.28**
Quality of contact
-0.35**
-0.24**
0.30**
0.14**
ΔR²
.24
.15
.19
.12
ΔF
138.2**
64.1**
94.9**
53.0**
-0.14**
-0.05
0.14**
0.15**
ΔR²
.02
.002
.02
.02
ΔF
22.0**
1.7
18.6**
17.7**
SII
Conclusions
• SII appears as a valid construct for measuring
multiple social identities
• Level of SII varies as an individual difference
variable, but also depends on social context
(minority/majority, different countries)
• SII is negatively related to one’s ties with ethnic
and religious identity and positively related to
contact (especially quality of contact)
• SII is a unique predictor of outgroup attitudes
• SII’s incremental predictive power is small
• Multiple identities perspective as a useful tool for
conceptualizing minority/majority perspectives
What next?
• Investigating ways to foster more inclusive identities
• Understanding the subjective content of crosscutting social
identities
egalitarian
dominance
intersection
• Investigating other cross-cutting group memberships, e.g.
between ethnicity and social class or professional and
generational groups, and their possible effects on intergroup perceptions and emotions
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!
For further information, please visit:
http://sibyouth.org/en/
Social Identities Western Balkans