Transcript Bandura

ALBERT
BANDURA
WHERE DO GENDER ROLES COME FROM?:
A STUDY
BY EMMA RODIN
WHO IS ALBERT BANDURA?
• Born 1925 – Mundare, Alberta, Canada
• Grew up working on a farm
• Enrolled in the University of British Columbia
• Paid for his education by working in a wood-working
plant
• Took a psychology class to fill a gap in his schedule
• Earned his bachelor’s degree in psychology
• Clinical psychology graduate program at the
University of Iowa
• Robert Sears and the social learning theory
• Professor Emeritus at Stanford University
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
• Definition = people can learn by observing the behavior of others, and the outcome of
those behaviors
• Modeling
• Bandura divides the observational learning process into four components
– Attentional Processes
– Retention Processes
– Motor Reproduction Processes
– Reinforcement and Motivational Processes
1. ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES
• Paying attention to the model is a condition for learning
• The most attention-grabbing models are the most effective (e.g. television)
2. RETENTION PROCESSES
• We learn by internalizing information in our memories
• Mental picture of the behavior
• Stimulus contiguity
3. MOTOR REPRODUCTION PROCESSES
• Reproducing the behavior
• Must have the required motor skills to reproduce the behavior
4. REINFORCEMENT AND MOTIVATIONAL
PROCESSES
• The will to perform a behavior
• If the perceived rewards outweigh the perceived costs (assuming there are any), the
observer will be more likely to imitate the behavior
GENDER DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER
ROLES
• Just like in learning anything else, gender roles are based on models
• Children will observe the behaviors of different genders, and at an early age, imitate
“feminine” and “masculine” behaviors no matter their gender
– Will eventually focus on gender-appropriate behavior which is dictated by societal norms
– Rewards
• “Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development” (1999)
“[S]ome of the most important aspects of
people’s lives, such as the talents they
cultivate, the conceptions they hold of
themselves and others, the sociostructural
opportunities and constraints they encounter,
and the social life and occupational paths
they pursue are heavily prescribed by
societal gender-typing”
- Bussey, Bandura 1999
HYPOTHESES
• How does age impact a child’s attitudes towards gender roles?
– A younger child will exhibit attitudes towards gender roles that do not adhere to traditional
standards (i.e. the mother is a homemaker, and the father is the provider), while older children
will have attitudes that are more traditional, due to socialization.
• Do children that come from families that are more traditional in their dynamic have more
of a tendency to display traditional attitudes?
– Yes, the child’s model of a family will be modeled after their own. This means that children that
come from families with non-traditional dynamics will display attitudes that are also nontraditional.
THE STUDY
• Survey form
– 7 total questions: 6 agree/disagree questions, 1 question inquiring about the family dynamic
– Simple scoring system
• 11 children
– Elementary and middle school age
– 5 children from traditional homes, 6 from non-traditional homes
• Questions
– How does age impact a child’s attitudes towards gender roles?
– Do children that come from families that are more traditional in their dynamic have more of a
tendency to display traditional attitudes?
SURVEY QUESTIONS
1. A dad’s job is to earn money for the family, and a mom’s job is to take care of the household duties.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
2. Men are better than women in the field of technology.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
3. Women are better than men at art.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
4. Men should help around the house with cooking and cleaning.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
5. Women should want to become mothers.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
6. A wife does not need to have a job if her husband has one.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
7. Does your mom stay at home, or does she work?
My mom stays at home.
My mom works.
(circle one)
1. A dad’s job is to earn money for the family, and a mom’s job is to take care of the household duties.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
2. Men are better than women in the field of technology.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
3. Women are better than men at art.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
Pink answers indicate a
4. Men should help around the house with cooking and cleaning.
traditional response.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
Purple answers indicate a
5. Women should want to become mothers.
non-traditional response.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
6. A wife does not need to have a job if her husband has one.
Agree or disagree (circle one)
7. Does your mom stay at home, or does she work?
My mom stays at home.
My mom works. (circle one)
Scoring:
> 3 answers of a particular type of answer
indicate the type of attitude that the child has.
RESULTS
Gender
Age
Family Type
Traditional
Responses (#/6)
Non-traditional
Responses (#/6)
Overall attitude
Male
6
Stay-at-home mom
2
4
Non-traditional
Female
7
Working mom
1
5
Non-traditional
Female
7
Working mom
2
4
Non-traditional
Male
8
Stay-at-home mom
6
0
Traditional
Female
8
Working mom
1
5
Non-traditional
Male
10
Stay-at-home mom
2
4
Non-traditional
Female
10
Working mom
3
3
--
Male
11
Stay-at-home mom
5
1
Traditional
Female
12
Working mom
2
4
Non-traditional
Male
13
Stay-at-home mom
4
2
Traditional
Female
14
Working mom
0
6
Non-traditional
AGE DATA ANALYSIS*
*this data includes all the responses; the final computation that excludes the inconclusive result will be shown in the conclusion
AVERAGE RESPONSES FOR THE
DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
• Younger children:
– Traditional responses: 2.4  2
– Non-traditional responses: 3.6  4
• Older children:
– Traditional responses: 2.75  3
– Non-traditional responses: 3.25  3
Hard to tell if increasing age is an
important factor in gender role attitudes
based on this result.
FAMILY TYPE DATA ANALYSIS*
*this data includes all the responses; the final computation that excludes the inconclusive result will be shown in the conclusion
AVERAGE RESPONSES FOR DIFFERENT
FAMILY TYPES
• Children from families with stay-at-home mothers
– Traditional: 3.8  4
– Non-Traditional: 2.2  2
• Children from families with working mothers
– Traditional: 1.5
– Non-Traditional: 4.5
CONCLUSION
• How does age impact a child’s attitudes towards
gender roles?
– For the most part, younger children’s attitudes towards
gender roles are non-traditional, while in older children,
the results are inconclusive. There are an equal amount
of children who have traditional gender role attitudes as
compared to those who have non-traditional gender role
attitudes. This leads me to believe that other factors
have more of an impact on gender role attitudes as
children get older.
• Do children that come from families that are more
traditional in their dynamic have more of a tendency to
display traditional attitudes?
– Yes, 83% of children that come from non-traditional
homes have an attitude that matches their family
dynamic; 60% of children that come from traditional
homes have an attitude that matches their family
dynamic.
Gender
Age
Family Type
Overall attitude
Male
6
Stay-at-home
mom
Non-traditional
Female
7
Working mom
Non-traditional
Female
7
Working mom
Non-traditional
Male
8
Stay-at-home
mom
Traditional
Female
8
Working mom
Non-traditional
Male
10
Stay-at-home
mom
Non-traditional
Female
10
Working mom
--
Male
11
Stay-at-home
mom
Traditional
Female
12
Working mom
Non-traditional
Male
13
Stay-at-home
mom
Traditional
Female
14
Working mom
Non-traditional
LIMITATIONS
• Time
• Small sample size
• Language on survey for younger children
• Variables
• Not many survey questions
• Lack of researcher’s presence
• Creation of own study
WHAT WOULD I DO DIFFERENT?
• Have more participants
• Use gender as a variable as opposed to age
• Add more survey questions, or maybe just make the participants elaborate on their
responses
• Be present when the participants take the survey
NATURE-NURTURE LINE
NATURE
• Bandura believed that people learned best by
observing the behavior of others
• Bobo Doll Experiment -- observed that children could
learn aggressive behaviors simply by observing them
NURTURE
Bandura
WORKS CITED
• Albert Bandura. Retrieved April 10, 2016, from
http://muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/bandura.htm
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Bandura - Social Learning Theory. Retrieved April 15, 2016, from
http://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html
• Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development and
Differentiation. Psychological Review, 106 (4), 676-713.
• Crain, W. C. (1980). Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Social Learning Theory (Bandura). (2015). Retrieved April 11, 2016, from
http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html
• The Age Old Debate of Nature Versus Nurture. Retrieved April 10, 2016, from
https://www.verywell.com/what-is-nature-versus-nurture-2795392