Transcript Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Sex and Gender
Sex: The Biological Dimension
Gender: The Cultural Dimension
Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary
Perspective
Gender and Socialization
Contemporary Gender Inequality
Perspectives on Gender Stratification
Gender Issues in the Future
Sex
Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females
and males
At birth, infants are distinguished by Primary Sex Characteristics:
_______________________
Secondary Sex Characteristics:
At puberty, hormones result in development of secondary sex
characteristics:
Women: larger breasts, wider hips, and narrower shoulders; a layer of
fatty tissue throughout the body; menstruation
Men: enlarged genitals; a deeper voice; greater height; a more muscular
build; more body and facial hair
Hermaphrodites/Intersexed Person
Persons in whom sexual differentiation (physical characteristics) is ambiguous or
incomplete
Transsexual:
A person in whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define
gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person’s
body
Transsexuals often feel that they are the opposite sex from that of their
sex organs
Transvestite :
A male who lives as a woman or a female who lives as a man but does not
alter the genitalia
Sexual Orientation
Refers to preference for emotional–sexual relationships with:
The opposite sex: ___________
The same sex: _____________
Both sexes: _______________
Homosexual and gay are most often used with males who prefer samesex relationships
Lesbian is used in association with females who prefer same-sex
relationships
Homophobia
Defined as:_____________________________________________
Gender
The culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males
found in the__________________________________________.”
Embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society
Used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power
____________refers to attitudes, behavior, and activities that are defined as
appropriate for each sex and learned through the socialization process
In U.S. society, males are expected to demonstrate aggressiveness, whereas females
are expected to be passive and nurturing
_____________is a person’s perception of the self as female or male
_________________________describes how a person perceives and feels about
his or her body
Sexism
Sexism is the subordination of one sex based on the assumed superiority of the
other sex
Sexism toward Women
Three components:
Negative attitudes toward women
Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice
Discrimination: acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate
Sexism is interwoven with _____________: Hierarchical system of social
organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by
men
_________: Hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and
economic structures are controlled by women
Gender Stereotypes
Men: Strong, rational, dominant, independent, and less concerned with appearance
Women: Weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, and anxious about appearance
Gender Socialization
We learn gender-appropriate behavior through the socialization process
Parents and Gender Socialization
Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations
Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender
Peers and Gender Socialization
_________help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior
During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than
adults
College student peers play an important role in career choices and the
establishment of long term, intimate relationships
Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and
informal interactions with students
________consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other
Mass Media and Gender Socialization
On television:
Male characters typically are more aggressive, constructive, and direct
Females are deferential toward others or use manipulation to get their way
Men still outnumber women as leading characters
Men are still usually portrayed in the dominant roles
Changes are beginning to emerge
Advertising tends to reinforce traditional gender ideas
Adult Gender Socialization
Gender socialization continues through education, training, and entrance into the
work world
A double standard of aging puts more pressure on women to remain young-looking
Gendered Division of Paid Work
________________________refers to the concentrations of men and women in
different occupations, jobs, and places of work
• Most women work in lower-paying less prestigious jobs
• Men who enter traditionally female occupations must fight gender stereotypes
The __________is the disparity between women’s and men’s earnings
Also called the earnings ratio
Women make 79 cents for every $1 earned by men
Women receive less pay than men with the same education
Pay equity or comparable worth is the belief that wages should reflect the
worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker
Most married women share the breadwinner role
The sexual division of labor in the family remains essentially unchanged
Women perform "double duty" or the "second shift"
Functionalist and
Neoclassical Economic Perspectives
According to Talcott Parsons, women’s roles as caregivers are more
pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies
The husband provides economic support and makes decisions
The wife provides affection and emotional support for the family
This division of family labor provides stability for family members
The human capital model suggests that individuals vary widely in the
amount of human capital they bring to the labor market.
• Human capital is acquired by education and job training; it is the source
of a person’s productivity and can be measured in terms of the return
on the investment (wages) and the cost (schooling or training).
Conflict Perspectives
The gendered division of labor in families and the workplace results from male
control of and dominance over women
Marxist conflict theorists argue that gender stratification results from the private
ownership of the means of production
Feminist Perspectives
Feminism is the belief that women and men are equal and should be valued equally and
have equal rights
In liberal feminism, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity
According to radical feminists, male domination causes all forms of human
oppression, including racism and classism
Socialist feminists
Believe that women’s oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid
workers in a capitalist economy
Multicultural feminists analyze race, class, and gender
Believe that equality will occur only when all women, regardless of race/ethnicity,
class, age, religion, sexual orientation, or ability (or disability), are treated more
equitably