Transcript Chapter 20: Applied Psychology

Chapter 20
Applied Psychology
Quiz
Please answer the following True or False
1. An aptitude test measures a persons general knowledge
base.
2. Scientific management (Theory X) is an approach to
managing employees that emphasizes work efficiency.
3. Territorial markers are objects and other signals that are used
only to mark residential settings
4. Attentional overload is a stressful condition caused when
sensory stimulation, information and social contacts make
excessive demands on attention
5.Open teaching is instruction based on active teacher student
discussion
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
• Applied Psychology: Use of psychological
principles and research methods to solve
practical problems
• Also used in:
• Employment settings, machine design,
educational settings, jury selections
Other Aspects of I-O Psychology
• Personnel Psychology: Branch of I-O
psychology concerned with testing, selection,
placement, and promotion of employees
• Job Analysis: Detailed description of skills,
knowledge, and activities required by a
particular job
• Critical Incidents: Situations where competent
employees must be able to cope
• Biodata: Detailed biographical information
about a job applicant
Fig. 20-1, p. 663
Psychological Testing
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Vocational Interest Tests
Aptitude Tests
Multimedia Computerized Tests
Assessment Centers
Other types of tests
• Situational Judgment Tests
• In Basket test
• Leaderless group discussion
Management Theories
• Scientific Management (Theory X): Approach
to managing employees that emphasizes
work efficiency
• Theory Y: Emphasizes human relations at
work; sees people as industrious,
responsible, and interested in challenging
work
• Which do you think is more effective?
Management Strategies
• Participative Management: Employees at all
levels are directly involved in decision making
• Management by Objectives: Workers are
given specific goals to meet so they can know
if they are doing a good job
• Self-Managed Team: Group of employees
who work together toward shared goals
• Quality Circles: Voluntary employee
discussion groups that look to improve quality
and look for ways to solve business problems
Job Satisfaction Is Highest When:
• Listed in order of importance:
– Work is interesting
– Enough help and equipment exist to get
job done
– Enough information to get job done
– Enough authority to get job done
• Note that nothing relating to pay is listed in
the top four (pay is ranked fifth)!
Four styles of response to needing a
new job
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•
•
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Vigilant
Complacent
Defensive Avoidant
Hypervigilant
Environmental Psychology
• Physical Environments
• Social Environments
• Behavioral Environments
Table 20-3, p. 672
Cognitive Representations of the
Physical Environment
Example: a therapist telling a kid to draw a
picture of their family
Draw a Map of this campus
http://www.roguecc.edu/Maps/PDF/RVC_Map.pdf
Map Processing
• What things are on your maps?
• What did you leave out from your maps?
• What common landmarks did you have with
your neighbors?
• Were some parts overrepresented than
others? (bigger or more detailed)
• Does this map show what’s most important to
you at RCC?
Territoriality
• Territorial Behavior: Any behavior that tends
to define a space as one’s own or that
protects it from intruders
• Territorial Markers: Objects and other signals
that indicate ownership or control of a
particular area
– Gates, pictures, plants, posters,
decorations
– Check your psychology professor’s office
to find some examples of territorial markers
– This is why everyone is sitting so close
together today
Crowding
• Crowding: Subjective feelings of being
overstimulated by social inputs or loss of
privacy
– When crowding causes a loss of control
over one’s immediate social environment,
stress can result
– John Calhoun’s “Horrible Mousery” is a
good example of how overcrowding can
affect mice, population returns to baseline
– When do people react differently to
crowds? And why?
Fig. 20-2, p. 672
Human Potential
Humans can actually pay attention to
and process more than twice the
amount of stimuli we normally receive
Architectural Psychology
• Study of the effects buildings have on
behavior; buildings can be designed using
psychological and behavioral principles
– Making rooms with more space and more
light, having bathrooms in the middle of the
hall; higher or lower ceilings
– Feng Shui
Fig. 20-3, p. 678
Attentional Overload
• Stressful condition that occurs when sensory
stimulation, information, and social contacts
make excessive demands on attention
• Noise Pollution: Stressful, annoying, and
intrusive noise. Usually generated by
machines (jackhammers, sirens, planes)
Teaching Styles
• Direction Instruction: Factual information
presented by lecture, demonstration, and rote
practice
• Open Teaching: Active student-teacher
discussion is emphasized
• What are the benefits? What does Ben use?
Jury Behavior
• Jurors rarely can put aside biases, attitudes,
and beliefs when making a decision
• Jurors are not very good at separating
evidence from other information
• Final verdict is often influenced by
inadmissible evidence
• Jurors cannot suspend judgment until all
information is in; opinion often formed early in
trial
Jury Selection
• Mock Jury: Group that realistically simulates a
courtroom jury
• CSI: if we have time
Scientific Jury Selection
• Social science principles are applied to jury
selection process
– Gather demographic information
– Perform community survey to get
information about attitudes towards case
– Look for authoritarian personality traits in
potential jurors
• Tend to believe that punishment is
effective and more likely to vote to
convict
– Look at nonverbal behavior
Death-Qualified Jury
• Jury composed of people who favor death
penalty or are at least indifferent to it
Sports Psychology
• Study of behavioral dimensions of sports
performance
• Task Analysis: Breaking sports skills into subparts so
that key elements can be identified and taught
• Motor Skills: Series of actions molded into a smooth
and efficient performance
• Mental Practice: Imagining a skilled performance to
help learning
• Peak Performance: Physical, emotional, and mental
states are harmonious and optimal
Fig. 20-4, p. 684