Transcript eating pref new 2013

Some questions for you to answer:
1. How many times a day do you normally eat
?
2. Why?
3. At what time do you normally eat?
4. Why?
5. List three food products you really hate:
6. Why?
7. List three food products you really love:
8. Why?
More q’s…
9. Are you happy with the way
your body looks?
10. Why?
11. Does food or eating influence
how you look or feel about
your body?
12. Why?
12a. Final Q:
What influences how much you
eat?
Prader-Willi syndrome
Saturday, April 2, 2016
Attitudes to Food.
• LO:
To understand that eating behaviour such as
• food preference
• portion size3
• Eating motivation
• Body dissatisfaction
Can be moderated by parental attitudes, mood
and cultural influences.
3
Prader-Willi Syndrome
• Is associated with an
insatiable appetite,
resulting in morbid obesity.
An abnormality of Chromo’
15 disrupts the normal
functioning of the
hypothalamus, which
amongst other things
controls appetite (hunger>
full-up/not full-up)
Miranda's "La monstrua
desnuda" (The Nude Monster)
1680
So is our eating behaviour truly under our control? Is it
genetic? Is it influenced by parents/ media? What
psychological factors effect when and what we eat?
Factors that might influence your
eating behaviour (food choice)...
• Hunger
• Attitudes/Beliefs/Knowledge
• Social Context/Economics
• Parents/Peers
What is the dynamic behind
•Biological
Mood
– Cognitive –
each of these influences?
Behavioural (Learning Theory)
5
Social Learning (AO1)
•
•
Bandura and SLT (you should already know this!)
Three sources to ‘model’ eating from:
1. Parents
2. Peers
3. Media
Task:
Briefly outline Bandura’s SLT.
How could you apply this theory to eating behaviour.
Give examples.
PARENTAL INFLUENCES
Snack food intake, eating motivation and body dissatisfaction have all been
associated to parents attitudes and behaviours (Brown and Ogden, 2004)
A daughters eating can be predicted based on her mothers diet restraint and
her concerns of her daughter being overweight (Birch and Fisher, 2000)
Who does the shopping in your household?
If you had a choice would you eat the same as your parents? Would you eat
healthier? More or Less?
Eating Behaviour 1
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PEER INFLUENCES
PEER INFLUENCES
Positive correlations found between peer influence and disordered eating
amoungst 10-12yr olds. (Meyer and Gast, 2008)
Eating Behaviour 1
8
MEDIA INFLUENCES
Media do have a massive impact on what people eat and the attitudes we have
to certain foods.
However individual circumstances such as age, income and family situation also
has a major influence. Thus we know what we should be eating, but perhaps go
for cheaper unhealthier options.
What is reductionist about using only the SLT
approach to explain eating behaviours and food
preference?
Eating Behaviour 1
9
Social Learning (AO2)
Evaluate Social Learning :
• Research which supports eg. Meyer & Gast (2008)
‘correlation between parental influence and
disordered eating’ and Birch & Fisher (2000) ‘mother’s
diet predicts daughter’s’
• However comment on ‘gender bias’* and over reliance
by SLT on ‘fashion’ to the exclusion of other factors eg.
Evolution & Adaption
• Plus general evaluation of SLT (+/-):theory based on
childhood aggression etc
*Next slide
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
Ethnicity:
White women more likely to have greater levels of body dissatisfaction then
black or Asian.
The acculturation effect was found studying 14000, women in Australia, for all
ethnic groups the longer the amount of time spent in the country increased
body dissatisfaction
However, not all research agrees with this, as Mumfed (1991) found that
bulimia was more prevelant amongst Asian girls, and Strigel –Moore found a
drive for thinness amongst black girls more then white.
What about eating preference? Blue box Rozin (1999)
Eating Behaviour 1
11
SOCIAL CLASS
Income is positively correlated with healthy eating (2003 Scottish health
survey)
However the link between social class and body dissatisfaction and
disordered eating is far more tenuous.
Dornbusch (1984) found with a large sample of 7000 American
adolescents the higher the class, the greater the desire to be thin and
engage in dieting behaviour.
However Storey (1995) found that higher class individuals were more
satisfied with their weight and engaged in less weight control behaviours.
Eating Behaviour 1
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MOOD
Low mood and comfort eating
Summarise Garg yellow box (2007) study.
Both clinical (bulimic) and sub clinical (below threshold) populations
exhibit high levels of anxiety prior to binge eating.
Wegner (2002) had students record their mood and eating behaviours in a
diary over two weeks. Prior to a binge session students reported levels of
low mood, compared to non-binge days. However the binge did not lift the
mood of the individuals. Then why do it?
In fact studies report a further drop in mood following from the binge
What about our friend chocolate? Read Parker study (2006)
Eating Behaviour 1
13
Social Learning (AO2)
Evaluate Social Learning (p79):
• Research which supports eg. Meyer & Gast (2008)
‘correlation between parental influence and
disordered eating’ and Birch & Fisher (2000) ‘mother’s
diet predicts daughter’s’
• However comment on ‘gender bias’* and over reliance
by SLT on ‘fashion’ to the exclusion of other factors eg.
Evolution & Adaption
• Plus general evaluation of SLT (+/-):theory based on
childhood aggression etc
*Next slide
Gender Bias: Is it female only?
• Q) Which discrete group of males has the same
incidence of ED’s as females?
• Gender difference on
value of body image:
Problems of Generalisability
• What is the difference between a clinical and
a subclinical population?
Eating Behaviour 1
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Next…
• Explanations for the
success and failure of
dieting
Why and what…. Dieting
• The main cause is perceived body image
dissatisfaction (dismorphia)
• Majority of dieters are women, as many as
87% of all women have dieted as some time
in their lives (Furnham and Greaves, 1994)
• 3 basic forms:
– Restricting the total amount of food eaten
– Refraining from eating certain types of food
– Avoiding eating for long periods of time
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Dieting
Dieting: support and encouragement
• Eating is often part of social interaction. So informing friends
and family of weight loss goals should help reduce the
temptations of food and encourage positive reinforcement
(and punishment) from others
• Lots of dieters also join a weight loss group or diet with a
friend or partner to maintain motivation
• But this approach doesn’t work for everyone – some people
find constant monitoring by others stressful and use
secretive binge eating as a defence mechanism
19
Dieting
Physiological Changes Due to Dieting
• Your body has evolved to cope with chronic food shortages
by lowering your metabolic rate and protecting fat stores in
times of starvation; extreme dieting triggers this response
• If you then return to normal eating you end up with more
excess calories than before which are then converted to fat;
to overcome the feeling of deprivation during the diet
people often also overeat afterwards, which gives an even
bigger weight gain
• You may than start another, ever more restrictive diet to
undo the weight gain, but this will just reduce the metabolic
rate further and so the pattern of ‘yo-yo’ dieting continues
20
Dieting
Restraint Theory: Ogden (2007)
• Argues that restrained eating can lead to
both under and overeating post-diet
• The boundary model (post-diet increased
range)
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Dieting
Restraint Theory – a classic experiment
• Pre-load (snack-up before)/taste (eat after) test
paradigm
• Participants are given (the ‘pre-load’) either highcalorie snacks or a low-calorie snacks
• After eating, they are told they are going to take
part in a taste preference test
• The key factor – how much of the taste test food
they actually eat (loads of food placed in front of
them and the amount is measured)
22
Dieting
Results...
• The results suggest
that although dieters
may eat less at some
times, restrained
eating is also
associated with
eating more at other
times and this factor
may explain why
dieters are often
unsuccessful (Odgen,
2003)
23
Dieting
Expand notes:
AO1/AO2 (pp80-81) Explain
& Commentary
AO3 Evaluation of research
methods (p81)
Restraint Theory
Freewill or Determinism
The Role of Denial
Does dieting make you dumb?
Detail: Key to Success
Cultural differences and
Limitations of anecdotal
evidence
Assignment 1
1. Discuss/evaluate attitudes to eating / food and explanations for
the success or failure of dieting (25 marks)
Instructions:
The essay style answer should have an Introduction
(introduce/define). Then AO1 (9 marks) and AO2/3 (16 marks)
as sub-headed sections followed by a short conclusion
(summary). You WILL need to focus on AO2/3 (check
‘commentary’ and chapter summary pp 94-95 textbook).
(500/600 words).