Transcript Step Up To: Psychology - Grand Haven Area Public Schools

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From Myers,
Psychology 8e
Worth Publishers
Chapter 18: Social Psychology
Conform
You’ve got an Attitude
It’s just natural
Social Thinking
Do the right thing
Social Thinking
500
400
300
200
100
You’ve got attitude
500
400
300
200
100
Conform
500
400
300
200
100
It’s just natural
500
400
300
200
100
Do the right thing
500
400
300
200
100
1. Attribution theory was designed
to account for:
• A) the process of revealing intimate
aspects of ourselves to others.
• B) the impact of both heredity and
environment on social behavior.
• C) social facilitation and social
loafing.
• D) how people explain others’
behavior.
2. Fritz Heider concluded that people
tend to attribute others’ behavior
either to their ____ or to their ____.
• A) heredity; environment
• B) dispositions; situations
• C) biological motives;
psychological motives
• D) cognitions; emotions
3. We have a tendency to explain the
behavior of others in terms of ____ and to
explain our own behavior in terms of ____.
• A) personality traits; situational
constraints
• B) informational influence; normative
influence
• C) situational constraints; personality
traits
• D) normative influence; informational
influence
4. The fundamental attribution error
is likely to lead observers to:
• A) show sympathy toward those who
are poor and unemployed.
• B) praise those who have engaged in
acts of heroism.
• C) show mercy toward those who have
committed criminal acts.
• D) do all of the above.
5. Poverty and unemployment are likely
to be explained in terms of personal
dispositions by ___ and in terms of
situational influences by ___.
• A) the poor; the rich
• B) attribution theory;
social exchange theory
• C) social psychologists;
evolutionary psychologists
• D) political conservatives;
political liberals
6. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
refers to the tendency to:
• A) neglect critical thinking because of a
strong desire for social harmony within
a group.
• B) perform simple tasks more
effectively in the presence of others.
• C) comply with a large request if one
has previously complied with a small
request.
• D) lose self-restraint in group
situations that foster anonymity.
7. Attitudes are ___ that guide
behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) norms and roles
B) superordinate goals
C) beliefs and feelings
D) dispositional attributions
8. After she was promoted to a highlevel executive position in a large
company, Jody developed more probusiness political attitudes. This best
illustrates the impact of:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) social facilitation.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) role-playing.
9. We are most likely to experience
cognitive dissonance if we feel ___
sense of responsibility for engaging in
behaviors of which we personally ___.
•
•
•
•
A) a great; disapprove
B) little; disapprove
C) little; approve
D) a great; approve
10. Kim is tempted to shoplift a gold
necklace even though she has negative
feelings about shoplifting. She is least
likely to steal the merchandise if:
• A) she is suffering the effects of
deindividuation.
• B) she is highly aware of her negative
feelings about shoplifting.
• C) her negative feelings about stealing
were developed in early childhood.
• D) she has recently shoplifted.
11. Roberto hates to wear ties but wears
one to his sister’s wedding to avoid his
family’s disapproval. His behavior
exemplifies the importance of:
• A) the mere exposure effect.
• B) informational social
influence.
• C) normative social influence.
• D) social facilitation.
12. Solomon Asch reported that
individuals conformed to a group’s
judgment of the lengths of lines:
• A) only when the group was composed of at
least six members.
• B) even when the group judgment was clearly
incorrect.
• C) even when the group seemed uncertain and
repeatedly altered its judgment.
• D) only when members of the group were
of high status.
13. A culture that promotes
individualism is most likely to
encourage:
•
•
•
•
A) altruism.
B) nonconformity.
C) ingroup bias.
D) groupthink.
14. Most people are likely to be
surprised by the results of Milgram’s
initial obedience experiment because:
• A) the “learners” made so few learning
errors under stress.
• B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed
shocking another person.
• C) the “learners” obediently accepted
painful shocks without protest.
• D) the “teachers” were more obedient
than most people would have
predicted.
15. According to Milgram, the most
fundamental lesson to be learned from
his study of obedience is that:
• A) even ordinary people, who are not usually
hostile, can become agents of destruction.
• B) people are naturally predisposed to be
hostile and aggressive.
• C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of
the strongest human motives.
• D) people value their freedom and react
negatively when they feel they are being
coerced to do something.
16. Expert pool players were observed to
make 71 percent of their shots when
alone. When four people watched them,
they made 80 percent of their shots. This
best illustrates:
• A) the foot-in-the-door
phenomenon.
• B) social facilitation.
• C) group polarization.
• D) the bystander effect.
17. The tendency for people to exert less
effort when they are pooling their efforts
toward a common goal is known as:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) group polarization.
D) social loafing.
18. When college women were dressed
in KKK-style hoods, they demonstrated
significantly more aggression. This is
best explained in terms of:
•
•
•
•
A) social facilitation.
B) modeling.
C) groupthink.
D) deindividuation.
19. Group polarization is most likely to
occur in a group in which:
• A) two subgroups of individuals have
opposing opinions.
• B) individuals share a similar opinion.
• C) each individual has a unique
perspective.
• D) individuals have not formed any
opinion.
20. The ill-fated decision of President
John F. Kennedy and his advisors to
invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers
of:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) groupthink.
D) social facilitation.
21. Prejudice is best defined as:
• A) the tendency to favor members
of one’s own group.
• B) a fearful suspicion of people
one has never met.
• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward
a group and its members.
• D) a perceived incompatibility of
actions or goals.
22. Which of the following proverbs is
most clearly supported by research on
social attraction?
• A) The beautiful are the lonely.
• B) Opposites attract.
• C) Absence makes the heart
grow fonder.
• D) Birds of a feather flock
together.
23. GRIT attempts to reduce conflict
through:
•
•
•
•
A) third party mediation.
B) conciliation.
C) intimidation.
D) pacifism.
24. According to social exchange theory,
altruistic behavior is guided by:
• A) calculations of costs and
benefits.
• B) feelings of social responsibility.
• C) reciprocity of norms.
• D) family ties.
25. The best explanation for the inaction
of bystanders during the Kitty
Genovese murder is that they failed to:
• A) experience any empathy for a
stranger.
• B) assume personal responsibility for
helping the victim.
• C) realize that the incident was really
an emergency situation.
• D) notice that the incident was taking
place.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Attribution theory was designed
to account for:
• A) the process of revealing intimate
aspects of ourselves to others.
• B) the impact of both heredity and
environment on social behavior.
• C) social facilitation and social
loafing.
• D) how people explain others’
behavior.
724
2. Fritz Heider concluded that people
tend to attribute others’ behavior
either to their ____ or to their ____.
• A) heredity; environment
• B) dispositions; situations
• C) biological motives;
psychological motives
• D) cognitions; emotions
724
3. We have a tendency to explain the
behavior of others in terms of ____ and to
explain our own behavior in terms of ____.
• A) personality traits; situational
constraints
• B) informational influence; normative
influence
• C) situational constraints; personality
traits
• D) normative influence; informational
influence
724
4. The fundamental attribution error
is likely to lead observers to:
• A) show sympathy toward those who
are poor and unemployed.
• B) praise those who have engaged in
acts of heroism.
• C) show mercy toward those who have
committed criminal acts.
• D) do all of the above.
724
5. Poverty and unemployment are likely
to be explained in terms of personal
dispositions by ___ and in terms of
situational influences by ___.
• A) the poor; the rich
• B) attribution theory;
social exchange theory
• C) social psychologists;
evolutionary psychologists
• D) political conservatives;
political liberals
725
6. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
refers to the tendency to:
• A) neglect critical thinking because of a
strong desire for social harmony within
a group.
• B) perform simple tasks more
effectively in the presence of others.
• C) comply with a large request if one
has previously complied with a small
request.
• D) lose self-restraint in group
situations that foster anonymity.
727
7. Attitudes are ___ that guide
behavior.
•
•
•
•
A) norms and roles
B) superordinate goals
C) beliefs and feelings
D) dispositional attributions
726
8. After she was promoted to a highlevel executive position in a large
company, Jody developed more probusiness political attitudes. This best
illustrates the impact of:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) social facilitation.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) role-playing.
728
9. We are most likely to experience
cognitive dissonance if we feel ___
sense of responsibility for engaging in
behaviors of which we personally ___.
•
•
•
•
A) a great; disapprove
B) little; disapprove
C) little; approve
D) a great; approve
728
10. Kim is tempted to shoplift a gold
necklace even though she has negative
feelings about shoplifting. She is least
likely to steal the merchandise if:
• A) she is suffering the effects of
deindividuation.
• B) she is highly aware of her negative
feelings about shoplifting.
• C) her negative feelings about stealing
were developed in early childhood.
• D) she has recently shoplifted.
729
11. Roberto hates to wear ties but wears
one to his sister’s wedding to avoid his
family’s disapproval. His behavior
exemplifies the importance of:
• A) the mere exposure effect.
• B) informational social
influence.
• C) normative social influence.
• D) social facilitation.
731
12. Solomon Asch reported that
individuals conformed to a group’s
judgment of the lengths of lines:
• A) only when the group was composed of at
least six members.
• B) even when the group judgment was clearly
incorrect.
• C) even when the group seemed uncertain and
repeatedly altered its judgment.
• D) only when members of the group were
of high status.
732
13. A culture that promotes
individualism is most likely to
encourage:
•
•
•
•
A) altruism.
B) nonconformity.
C) ingroup bias.
D) groupthink.
734
14. Most people are likely to be
surprised by the results of Milgram’s
initial obedience experiment because:
• A) the “learners” made so few learning
errors under stress.
• B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed
shocking another person.
• C) the “learners” obediently accepted
painful shocks without protest.
• D) the “teachers” were more obedient
than most people would have
predicted.
734
15. According to Milgram, the most
fundamental lesson to be learned from
his study of obedience is that:
• A) even ordinary people, who are not usually
hostile, can become agents of destruction.
• B) people are naturally predisposed to be
hostile and aggressive.
• C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of
the strongest human motives.
• D) people value their freedom and react
negatively when they feel they are being
coerced to do something.
735
16. Expert pool players were observed to
make 71 percent of their shots when
alone. When four people watched them,
they made 80 percent of their shots. This
best illustrates:
• A) the foot-in-the-door
phenomenon.
• B) social facilitation.
• C) group polarization.
• D) the bystander effect.
738
17. The tendency for people to exert less
effort when they are pooling their efforts
toward a common goal is known as:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) group polarization.
D) social loafing.
738
18. When college women were dressed
in KKK-style hoods, they demonstrated
significantly more aggression. This is
best explained in terms of:
•
•
•
•
A) social facilitation.
B) modeling.
C) groupthink.
D) deindividuation.
739
19. Group polarization is most likely to
occur in a group in which:
• A) two subgroups of individuals have
opposing opinions.
• B) individuals share a similar opinion.
• C) each individual has a unique
perspective.
• D) individuals have not formed any
opinion.
739
20. The ill-fated decision of President
John F. Kennedy and his advisors to
invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers
of:
•
•
•
•
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) groupthink.
D) social facilitation.
740
21. Prejudice is best defined as:
• A) the tendency to favor members
of one’s own group.
• B) a fearful suspicion of people
one has never met.
• C) an unjustifiable attitude toward
a group and its members.
• D) a perceived incompatibility of
actions or goals.
743
22. Which of the following proverbs is
most clearly supported by research on
social attraction?
• A) The beautiful are the lonely.
• B) Opposites attract.
• C) Absence makes the heart
grow fonder.
• D) Birds of a feather flock
together.
758
23. GRIT attempts to reduce conflict
through:
•
•
•
•
A) third party mediation.
B) conciliation.
C) intimidation.
D) pacifism.
769
24. According to social exchange theory,
altruistic behavior is guided by:
• A) calculations of costs and
benefits.
• B) feelings of social responsibility.
• C) reciprocity of norms.
• D) family ties.
765
25. The best explanation for the inaction
of bystanders during the Kitty
Genovese murder is that they failed to:
• A) experience any empathy for a
stranger.
• B) assume personal responsibility for
helping the victim.
• C) realize that the incident was really
an emergency situation.
• D) notice that the incident was taking
place.
766
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition by
• David Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers, 2006
Answers
1.
D
9.
A
17.
D
2.
B
10.
B
18.
D
3.
A
11.
C
19.
B
4.
B
12.
B
20.
C
5.
D
13.
B
21.
C
6.
C
14.
D
22.
D
7.
C
15.
A
23.
B
8.
D
16.
B
24.
A
25.
B