Transcript The 5 or 6 Kingdoms

The 6 Kingdoms
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Life Science
Questions
 What do we mean by the word,
“classify”?
 What do you classify in your life?
 Why do you classify objects or concepts
in your life?
 The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
 1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
 2. Cell Number (unicellular or
multicellular)
 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of
cellular structures such as the nucleus,
mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes – Bacteria!
 DO NOT HAVE:
•An organized nucleus
•Structured organelles
Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria
Basic Structure
• DNA – strands floating in
cytoplasm/small rings called
plasmids
• Ribosomes-
RNA/protein synthesis sites
• Cytoplasm-water based
• Cell membrane &
Wall
Eukaryotes
 DO HAVE:
• Nucleus organized with a membrane
• other organelles
2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
•Unicellular- single celled organism –
protozoans, bacteria, some algae
•Multicellular- many celled organism –
cells start to specialize/differentiate
 Unicellular
3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
–Autotroph or Producer
Make their own food
–Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat
dead matter!
There used to be only 5 kingdoms
1. Moneran
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
This kingdom has now been divided
into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria
6 Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Protista
Eukaryotes
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Kingdom
Cell Type
Cell #
Feeding Type
Cell Wall
Archaebacteri
a
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Yes
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both
Yes
Protista
Eukaryote
Most
Unicellular
Both
Yes & NO
Fungi
Eukaryote
both
Heterotroph
Yes
Plantae
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotroph
Yes
Animalia
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotroph
NO
Aristotle’s Classification
System
century BC (384 to322 BC)
 Aristotle4th
*Greek philosopher
*divided
organisms into 2 groups plants and animals
*divided animals into blood and
bloodless
*also divided animals into 3 groups
according to how they moved - walking,
flying, or swimming (land, air, or water)
*his system was used into the 1600's
Linnaeus’ Classification
System
 18th century
 Swedish scientist
 classified plants and animals according to
similarities in form
 divided living things into one of two "kingdoms"  plant and animal kingdoms
 divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups
called "genera" (plural of "genus")
 divided each genera into smaller groups called
"species"
 designed a system of naming organisms called
binomial ("two names") nomenclature
Archaebacteria
 Ancient bacteria Live in very harsh
environments
 extremophiles
Eubacteria
 Common bacteria that
lives in more friendly
areas
Bacterial Shapes
 Bacteria come in 3
main shapes
 Rod or Stick (bacilli)
 Sphere (cocci)
 Helical or spiral
(borrelia)
Bacterial Locomotion
 Some bacteria have
flagella or cilia for
movement
 Some secrete a slime
layer and ooze over
surfaces like slugs
Protists
 Amoeba
PARAMECIUM
Protist’sTraits




unicellular
Have an organized nucleus
No cell wall
Can move by means of pseudopods
(False Feet), Cilia (hair-like structures),
or Flagella (tails)
Protists
 Some Protists are Beneficial to People
 Diatoms are used in filters, toothpastes,
insulation, and metal polishes and produce
oxygen into the atmosphere
 Red Algae is used as a thickener (agar)in
food and to prevent separation
(carageenan)in food mixtures
Protists
 Some Protists are Harmful to People
 Dinoflagellates release toxins into water and
the shellfish that eat them which can cause
illness to humans and death to fish
 Some are parasites that cause damage to
plants and people
 Some cause disease such as African
Sleeping Sickness, and Malaria
Fungi
 All fungi are
eukaryotic
 They may be
unicellular or
multicellular
 All fungi have a
cell wall
Unicellular
(yeast)
Multicellular
Fungi
 Fungi can be very
helpful and delicious
 Many antibacterial
drugs are derived
from fungi
Penicillin
Fungi
 Fungi also causes a number of plant and
animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
Fungi
 Ringworm
Fungi Nutrition
 All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients
from dead organic matter
-
-
Mutualists – live symbiotically
Parasites – absorb from a host,
eventually killing the host
Plants
 Nonvascular
 Vascular
 4 important plant groups are the:
Mosses
(Bryophytes)
Non-vascular
Ferns
(Pteridophytes)
Vascular
Conifers
(Gymnosperms)
Flowering Plants
(Angiosperms)
 Nonvascular Plants - Mosses
•
the simplest of all land dwelling plants
•
lack an internal means for water transportation
•
do not produce seeds or flowers
-
fertilization depends on water medium to get the
sperm to the egg.
• lack a woody tissue necessary for support around
their “stems” and so are usually relatively short
Mosses
Liverworts & Hornworts
Vascular Plants
•Internal transportation System
• Xylem – water carrying tubes
• Phloem – sugar carrying tissues
• enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.
•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an
Embryo of the new plant
Gymnosperms
 Conifers (pine cones)
 Oldest vascular plants
Angiosperms
- flowering plants
Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall
-Heterotrophs
-Capable of movement at some point
in their lives.
2nd Criteria for Animal Classification
 Skeletal Characteristics
 Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin
known as an exoskeleton
 Vertebrates
have a hard internal skeleton made of bone
or cartilage