Transcript Chapter 2 slides

The Raw Materials of
Biotechnology
Chapter 2
2.1 Organisms and Their
Components
Organisms are “raw materials” of biotech
Understanding of life and structures that
compose organism
High importance …at least
Basic biochemistry…chemistry of living
things
Cytology…….cell biology
Anatomy…….structure
Physiology…..function
2.2 Structure of Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
2.2 Structure of Cells
Cells
Different in different organs and organisms
Depends on structure and function
Greater or fewer numbers of some structures
Ex:
Muscle cell more ribosome and mitochondria
B/c of increased protein and energy production
2.2 Structure of Cells
Plasma membrane
Composed of lipids and proteins
Transport molecules
Maintain cell shape
Identify and recognize molecules
Insulin binds to receptor protein which transports
phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins
within the cell
Result is increase in glucose transport from outside
(blood) to inside (muscle or fat cells)
2.2 Structure of Cells
Nucleus
Located in the middle
Chromosomes contain DNA
DNA holds instruction for protein synthesis
within cell
Protein synthesis: “ Central Dogma”
Genetic code of A, C, G,T are within DNA
Cells that make protein transcribe (copy)
segment (gene) of DNA into new version,
mRNA (ribonucleic acid molec)
mRNA transcript (A, C, G, U) and spells
amino acids (a.a.)
a.a. arranged into proteins
mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm at
structure called ribosome
Where mRNA code is translated into proteins
2.2 Cells Used in Biotechnology
Chinese hamster ovary
(CHO)
Vero cells (African green
monkey kidney epithelial
cells )
HeLa cells (human
epithelial cells)
E. Coli
2.3 Molecules of Cells
Engineered molec. are basis of many
biotech products
Small molec., CO2, O2, NaCl and H2O(75%
of cell mass)
Large molec. (macromolecules)
Composed of repeating units (monomers)
Monomers linked together to form polymers
Poly = many
2.3 Molecules of Cells
Macromecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
in (1:2:1 ratio)
Monosaccharides (simple crabs)
Glucose
Fructose
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharides (many glucose monomers)
Cellulose
Amylopectin
Form of plant starch
Polysaccharides
Energy storage molecules
B/c long polymer structure
Plant starch---amylose or amylopectin
Animal starch---glycogen
Structural molecules
Cellulose—plant cell walls
Chitin –fungal cell walls and insect
exoskeletons
Monosaccharides
Single sugars “simple”
5 or 6 carbon sugars
Glucose (6 C)
Produced during photosynthesis
Energy molecule (cells break bonds in
glucose to release E)…cell respiration
Stored as polymers
Fructose (6 C)
Galactose (6 C)…part of lactose
molec, found in milk
Deoxyribose (5 C)…found in DNA
Ribose (5 C)…found in RNA
Glucose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Disaccharides
Formed when enzymes form bond btw. 2
monosaccharide
Sucrose…table sugar
Plant store glucose in that form
Formed when fructose and glucose combine
Maltose…malt sugar
Lactose…milk sugar
One method mammals store E
Formed when galactose and glucose combine
Lipids
Made of C and H
Insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
3 groups
Triglycerides
Include animal fats and plant oils
E storage molec.
Phospholipids
Found in cell membranes
Similar in structure to triglycerides
except have phosphate group…so,
water-soluble on one side
2 fatty acid chains attached to
glycerol molec.
Steroids
Act as hormones, venoms,
pigments
Ex. cholesterol
Proteins
Make >75% of cell
mass
9 categories
depending on
function
Typical cell
produce 2000
Structure
determined by a.a
sequence
Proteins
a.a. are the monomers
of proteins
Bind together to form
polypeptides
20 different a.a.
Nucleic Acids
Information-carrying
molec.
Direct synthesis of other
cellular molec.
Long, complex molec.
Composed of 4 monomer
units (nucleotides)
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Nucleic Acids
DNA
2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
Plant and animal cell manipulations
Move pieces of DNA within and btw.
Organisms
Enzyme that cuts DNA into fragments
Fragments separated and pasted in diff.
orders…called recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Insulin 1st genetically engineered to get to
market
2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
rDNA
Homework 2
Due Tuesday 9/04/07
Page 42
Questions 2, 3, 4
Page 47
1, 2, 3, 4
Page 57
1, 3, 4
Page 61
1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10
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