Transcript CELL PARTS Chapter 4

Chapter 7-4
Cell Structure and Function
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
A CELL is . . .
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
made of MOLECULES
ATOMS  ___________
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______
___________
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
Cells __________
WITHOUT a
NUCLEUS
_____________
OR
ORGANELLES
surrounded
MEMBRANES
by _______________
WITH
Cells __________
a
NUCLEUS AND
ORGANELLES
surrounded
by MEMBRANES
PROKARYOTES
= ________________
EUKARYOTES
= _________________
Bacterial Cell
http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html
http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html
CYTOPLASM
(Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLEsmall structure with a
specific function (job)
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
NUCLEUS
Control center of
the cell. Contain
genes that control
cell activities.
Contains most of
,
cell’s DNA which
is stored as chromatin
DNA wrapped in protein
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Nucleolus
Small, dense region in the nucleus. Involved in the
synthesis of ribosomes which are important in
protein synthesis. “Little nucleus” Makes RNA for
ribosomes
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane, each consisting
of a phospholipid bilayer.
Perforated by nuclear
pores which allow RNA
molecules to leave the nucleus.
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
RIBOSOMES
• Constructed in the nucleolus, these tiny, non
membrane bound organelles are located in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. These organelles function in
protein synthesis, and can be either free (suspended
in cytosol), or bound (attached to rough ER). Free
ribosomes aid in the production of proteins that will
stay in the cell, and bound ribosomes aid in the
production of proteins that will be transported out of
the cell.

Image by: RIedell
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
RIBOSOMES
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane
tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or
ROUGH
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
Extensive network
continuous with the
nuclear envelope.
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
• Appear “rough” due to the
presence of ribosomes all along
the membrane. Function of
• the rough ER is to modify and
transport proteins. Most of
• these proteins are packaged into
vesicles (pieces of the membrane
that act as a protective sac)
• and shuttled to the Golgi
Apparatus.
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
• Similar to rough ER in
structure, except that
it lacks ribosomes.
Smooth ER functions in
the synthesis of
lipids(steroids),breaks
down glycogen,
detoxifies drugs, and
poisons.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
•Smooth ER (esp. in muscle and liver cells)
also stores Ca+ ions that are used for muscle
contraction.
GOLGI APPARATUS
(BODY)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
• Flattened, round
sacs with the
appearance of
pita bread.
Golgi is sometimes called the “UPS
Because it functions in modifying,
storing, and re-routing the products
of the ER.
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Golgi is packed with enzymes that aid in modifying the
Products before they are shipped out by way of a
transport vesicle into the cytosol.
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
LYSOSOMES
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Membrane bound bag of
hydrolytic enzymes that help to
digest macromolecules, as well
as recycle used cell components.
Lysosomes are made from parts of the ER
(enzymes) and Golgi apparatus (phospholipid
membrane). Also used as a defense against
bacteria and viruses.
LYSOSOMES
See
lysosomes
in action:
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
LYSOSOMES
See LYSOSOME
MOVIE
Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
VACUOLES
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
Sacs that may be used as
storage for ions, molecules,
water or wastes.
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif
VACUOLES
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
• Plants have a very
large central vacuole
for maximum water
storage.
Vacuoles are SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS
NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Contractile vacuoles control excess
water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
1
MITOCHONDRION
(plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like
“little sausages”
Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA
Double membrane structure that has
its own proteins embedded in
phospholipid bilayers, as well as
its own DNA.
This DNA programs a small
portion of the mitochondria’s
protein synthesis; however, a
majority of their proteins are
synthesized according to the
directions from nuclear DNA.
Has inner folds called cristae.
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Uses glucose to manufacture
energy in the form of ATP.
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from
cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your
mitochondria from
your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Images from:
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Image by: Riedell
CHLOROPLASTS
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
• Use energy from
sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
CHLOROPLASTS
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
Found in plant cells. Bound by a
double membrane that helps
partition its contents from the
cytosol.
•Contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is used to harvest energy
From the sun to produce glucose (photosynthesis). Also contains its
own DNA. The three functional compartments of the chloroplast are the
intermembrane space, the thylakoid, and the stroma.
• Contains own DNA
CENTRIOLES
Found only in animal
cells.
Made up of bundles of microtubules
That play a role in cell division.
Centrioles help to organize the assembly
Of the spindle fibers for cell division.
The organelle is part of the cytoskeleton.
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
CYTOSKELETON
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
• Network of fibers throughout the
cytoplasm that forms a framework for
support/movement. Enables the cell to
maintain or change shape and anchors
the organelles.
Provide motility for some cells in the form of
cilia or flagella. There are 3 types of fibers
That make up the cytoskeleton: microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)&
MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made of
PROTEINS
called
MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
FLAGELLA
Help in cell
movement
CILIA
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
Move cell itself
It’s ALL connected!
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT
BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane
bound organelles
http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
IT’S MADE OF
DIFFERENT
MOLECULES than
plant cell walls!
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
WHICH IS BIGGER?
Plant
cell
Animal
cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
BACTERIA
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA is a single
circular ring
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Has lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
NO chloroplasts
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST
NO nuclear membrane
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are
PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES
USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
• Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms
using characteristics and evolutionary
relationships of major taxa.
• Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (…role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
(… role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform
different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the
genetic code
define homeostasis;
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
• Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
• Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts