Transcript 3 more cell and organelles u 3 cp

1. Which cells do we
11-11
suspect are older eukaryotes
or prokaryotes? Why?
REVIEW
11-11
Cell
Nucleus
DNA
Phospholipid
Ribosome
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Mitochondria
Bacteria
Proteins
How to remember prok vs euk cells
It’s all in a hand bag:
 Girls…when going to a wedding / fancy occasion
describe your purse

– Small, compact, just the stuff you NEED

The rest of the time,
what are most of
your purses like?
– Big. Lots of room,
extra stuff you may
not need
Cell Organelle Review
Plant Cell
1. The cytoskeleton is
11-12
made up of ______ + ______.
(the answers are also
organelles from your packet)
Describe and interpret
11-12
relationships between structure and
function at various levels of
biological organization.
TODAY: How are animal and plant
cells different?  adding to what we
already know
Assignment
Read section 4.3 and complete
section review

Organelles
Plasma membrane
– Made of 2 layers of
phospholipids (a bilayer)
– Allows transport of molecules
into / out of the cell
– Helps protect cell from
bacteria, etc
– Chemical communication with
other cells
– (Review) Phospholipid – contains hydrophobic tails
and hydrophilic head
– Membrane contain lipids called sterols
(cholesterol)
- help make membrane more firm and
prevent freezing at lower temperatures
Membrane Proteins:
 Integral proteins –

– Proteins in the plasma
membrane that are
embedded or pass all the
way through the membrane
– Have carbohydrate attached
to act as marker or label
– Function:
 Communication
 Transporting materials into cell

Peripheral proteins –
proteins found only on one
side of the membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model
– Idea that the phospholipids / lipids / proteins
can “flow” around each other
– Plasma membrane is more of a fluid than a
solid

Cytoplasm –
– part of the cell including the fluid, the cytoskeleton
and all organelles except nucleus

Cytosol –
– the cytoplasm that includes the ribosome's but not
the membrane bound organelles – 20% protein

Nucleus –
– control center of cell– controlled by the code in your
DNA

Nuclear Membrane / Envelope –
– double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Nuclear Pore –
– protein lined holes in the nuclear membrane that
allow RNA to enter / leave nucleus

Nucleolus –
– where DNA concentrates to create ribosomal RNA
(ribosome's)

Chromosome –
– DNA coils to form chromatin – chromatin coils to form
chromosomes
– Chromatin is how the cell’s genetic material is stored
when not replicating
– Chromatin coils to for chromosomes when replication
is occurring

Ribosome –
– proteins that direct protein synthesis
– Consist of two subunits

Mitochondria –
– takes organic molecules and makes ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
– Phospholipid Membrane bound organelle
 Inner membrane has many folds for reactions to occur
(called cristae)

Which cells would you think have the most
mitochondria?
– Muscle cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
– “intracellular highway”
– Has a membrane and is composed of tubes and sacs
– Rough ER – contains ribosome's
 Thus produces proteins (some phospholipids)
 Proteins produced then surrounded by vesicle from the ER and then
transported around / out of cell
– Smooth ER – lack ribosome's
 Produce lipids and hormones in sex cells (estrogen & testosterone)

Golgi Apparatus
– Flattened membranes and sacs
– Receive vesicles from ER and modify them as
the move through the Golgi (get “address
labels”)
– Vesicles then are sent to various locations
– Create lysosomes

Vesicle –
– Used to carry contents around, into / out of
cell
– Vary in type
– Spherically shaped
– Surrounded by a membrane

Lysosome – vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
produced by Golgi
– Digest organic materials, bacteria, etc
– Break down glycogen to get glucose
– Cytolysis or autolysis – lysosomes release enzymes to
destroy the cell (old or malfunctioning cells)

Cytoskeleton –

Microtubule –

Microfilament -
– network of thin tubes / filaments that
supports the cell
– hollow tubes made of protein that hold
organelles in place and give the cell shape
– Smaller threads that contribute to changes in
cell shape
– Made of protein

Intermediate filaments –
– Rods that anchor nucleus and other
organelles in place
– Maintain internal shape of the nucleus
– Make up most of your hair

Cilium –

Flagellum
– Hair like structures that extend from the
surface of cells
– Assist in cell movement
– Very numerous
– Whip like structure that assist in movement
– Usually less in number

Centriole –
– short cylinders that organize microtubules for
cell division
– Not found in plant cells

Cell wall –

Central vacuole – large organelle that
stores water, enzymes, wastes etc
– rigid layer found outside plasma membrane
– Contain cellulose
– Take up a large amount of the plant cell
– If filled with water, how will plant stand?
 Upright – if they are lacking water, plant will droop

Plastid –
– plant organelles that have their own DNA and
perform specific functions

Chloroplast –
– plastid example – use light energy to make
carbohydrates

Thylakoids –
– flat membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll (where
photosynthesis takes place)

Chlorophyll –
– green pigment that absorbs light energy in plants
Cellular Organization

Organelle

Tissue

Organ

Organ system
– Intracellular structures with specific functions
– Group of similar cells with a specific funtion
– A groups of tissues with a particular job
– A group of organs that accomplish a task
– IE:





Digestive system
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Warm Up 11-11

What are two differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Today:
– Get out your microscope packets and get a
partner (or you can work by yourself)
– Microscope practice and questions
Warm Up 11-12

What is depth of focus?

Today:
– Observing cheek cell and Elodea cells
Warm Up 12-12

What is the maximum total magnification
if the ocular lens is 10 x and the objective
lens is 40x
Warm Up 11-17
What is the function of the ER?
 Today:

– Go over “Microscope Practice” lab
– Finish Observing Cells - Elodea, Onion Cell,
Cheek Cell Lab
 MAKE SURE YOUR DRAWINGS ARE DETAILED
ENOUGH
Warm Up 11-18
Draw either a Elodea (in pen or pencil)
and label the following: chloroplasts,
plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm
 Today:

– Cheek, Elodea and Onion cell labs due
– Looking at living protists under the
microscopes
Warm Up 11-19
Get out worksheet packet – answer
questions on pages 17 & 18.
 Today:

– Review how organelles look
– Prepare for the test
– Homework:
 Finish Protist Lab
 Complete the pages of the worksheet packet
Warm Up 11-20
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
 Today:

– Prepare for test Monday – Review sheets due
Monday
– Complete multiple choice on pages 21 and 23
of the new packet
Warm Up 11-23
Get out both your worksheet packets
 Turn in your protist lab
 Practice test:

– #17 – 20  we didn’t discuss, but try them
anyway
– Short answer questions: Skip #24, 25 and
29.
Today 11-24
Test!
 Get out review sheets
 Get out a pencil

11-25

Check the grade sheet coming around
– Are you missing anything?
– Find it! Turn it in!

Missing a lab?
– Today is the day to make it up

Go over tests (maybe)
Warm Up 12-01

Explain how our cells get food (make this
explanation in some detail – you will see a
similar question again
Light Microscopes and Cell Stains
A typical light microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and uses
two lenses to form an image.
The first set of lenses, located just above the specimen, produces an
enlarged image of the specimen.
The second set of lenses magnifies this image still further.
Because light waves are diffracted, or scattered, as they pass through
matter, light microscopes can produce clear images of objects only to a
magnification of about 1000 times.
Light Microscopes and Cell Stains
Another problem with light microscopy is that most living cells are
nearly transparent, making it difficult to see the structures within them.
Using chemical stains or dyes can usually solve this problem. Some of
these stains are so specific that they reveal only compounds or
structures within the cell.
Light Microscopes and Cell Stains
Some dyes give off light of a particular color when viewed under specific
wavelengths of light, a property called fluorescence.
Fluorescent dyes can be attached to specific molecules and can then be
made visible using a special fluorescence microscope.
Fluorescence microscopy makes it possible to see and identify the locations
of these molecules, and even to watch them move about in a living cell.
Electron Microscopes
Light microscopes can be used to see cells and cell structures as small as
1 millionth of a meter. To study something smaller than that, scientists need
to use electron microscopes.
Electron microscopes use beams of electrons, not light, that are focused by
magnetic fields.
Electron microscopes offer much higher resolution than light microscopes.
There are two major types of electron microscopes: transmission and
scanning.
Electron Microscopes
Transmission electron microscopes make it possible to explore cell
structures and large protein molecules.
Because beams of electrons can only pass through thin samples, cells and
tissues must be cut first into ultra thin slices before they can be examined
under a transmission electron microscope.
Transmission electron microscopes produce flat, two-dimensional images.
Electron Microscopes
In scanning electron microscopes, a pencil-like beam of electrons is
scanned over the surface of a specimen.
Because the image is of the surface, specimens viewed under a scanning
electron microscope do not have to be cut into thin slices to be seen.
Scanning electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images of the
specimen’s surface.
Electron Microscopes
Because electrons are easily scattered by molecules in the air, samples
examined in both types of electron microscopes must be placed in a
vacuum in order to be studied.
Researchers chemically preserve their samples first and then carefully
remove all of the water before placing them in the microscope.
This means that electron microscopy can be used to examine only nonliving
cells and tissues.
b._________
a._________
c._________
d._________
e.___________
f.___________
____________
____________
g._________
h._________
___________
i.___________
____________
___________
k.__________
___________
j.____________
Describe and find an illustration of these 25
organelles
 Cytoskeleton
 Plasma membrane
 Microtubule
– Phospholipids bilayer
 Microfilament
 Cytoplasm
 Cilium
 Cytosol
 Flagellum
 Nucleus
 Centriole
– Nuclear Pore
 Cell wall
– Nuclear Membrane
– Nucleolus
 Central vacuole
 Chromosome
 Plastid
 Nuclear envelope
 Chloroplast
 Ribosome
 Mitochondrion
 Chlorophyll
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus
 Lysosome
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
PERIPHERAL PROTEIN
INTEGRAL
PROTEIN
INTEGRAL
PROTEIN
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS