Transcript Document

SCIENTIFIC METHOD & MEASUREMENT
1. Name the part of the scientific method being described.
a. Educated Guess
• Hypothesis
b. Testing the hypothesis
• Experiment
c. Stating whether or not
the hypothesis is correct
• Conclusion
d. In the form of a
question
• Problem
e. Data, graphs, charts
• Observations
2. What part of an experiment:
• a. changes in each setup
• Independent variable
• b. consists of the measurements
taken/data obtained
• Dependent variable
3. Read the experiment below to answer the questions below.
John is testing whether or not fertilizer increases plant growth. His hypothesis was
that fertilizer would make plants grow more. He uses 2 plants. Plant A was grown in
soil and Plant B was grown in soil with fertilizer added to it. John gave each plant
the same amount of water, and the same amount of sunlight. He measured the
height of each plant once a week for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the
height of Plant A was 10 cm and the height of Plant B was 15 cm.
a. IV
•Fertilizer
b. DV
•height
c. Control group
•Plants A
d. Experimental group
•Plant B
e. What are 2 factors that must remain
constant?
•Type of plant, same amount of soil,
same amount of water, temperature
•f. Describe what can be done to make
the results of this study more reliable.
•Repeat or increase sample size.
MEASUREMENT
4. What is mass?
• The amount of matter in an
object (grams)
5. What is volume?
• The amount of space an object
takes up
6. Convert the following:
a. 2.5 cL = ____mL
• 25 mL
6. Convert the following:
c. 7.4 g = ____mg
• 7400 mg
6. Convert the following:
d. 1 km = ___m
• 1000 m
8. An object has a length of 2 cm, a height of 3.2
cm and a width of 0.23 cm. What is the volume
of the object! Show all work!
•V = L x W x H
•V = 2 cm x 3.2 cm x 0.23 cm
•V = 1.472 (always round to nearest tenth)
•V = 1.5 cm3
8. The volume of water in a graduated
cylinder is 30mL. A marble is placed into
the graduated cylinder. The volume of
the water is now 34mL.
a. What is the volume of the marble?
•34-30 =
•4 mL
9. According to the triple beam balance
at the right, what is the mass of the
object?
• 62.4g
11. What is the length of the object
below in centimeters? (The object
starts at zero)
41.9cm
•
12. What is the volume of the liquid in each
graduated cylinder shown below?
12 mL
16 mL
12. Identify the following temperatures in
degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius.
a. melting point of water?
• 0°C, 32°F
c. boiling point of water?
• 100°C, 212°F
b. freezing point of water?
• 0°C, 32°F
C. MICROSCOPE
15. Label the diagram of the microscope:
PE
•a. eyepiece
a
diagram of the microscope:
•b. body tube
________________
•c. fine adj
________________
________________
b
•d. nosepiece
________________
•e. objective lens
c
________________
d
•f.
diaphragm
________________
e
•g.
base
________________
f
________________
•h. coarse adj
fg
________________
•i. arm
________________
gh
•j.
stage
clips
________________
•k. stage
________________
•l. mirror/light source
hl
ki
j
li
k
15. Which part of the microscope controls the
amount of light used?
• diaphragm
16. Why shouldn’t the coarse adjustment knob of
a microscope be used under high power?
• You could break the lens or the slide.
17. When switching from low to high power, what
happens to the field of view?
• It decreases
18. Draw what the letter “e” looks like when
looking at it under a microscope.
19. What is the total magnification of a
microscope with an eyepiece of 10x and an
objective lens of 40x?
• 10 x 40
• 400x
20. a. 1mm = _________________um
• 1000
• 21.What is the diameter of the field of view
below in millimeters and micrometers?
• 3.5 mm
• 3500 um
• 22. What is the length
of
the
object
in
the
field
__________________________
of view below in millimeters and micrometers?
21. What is the length of the object in the field of view below in mill
mm
=
6 mm
• 1.5 mm
• 1500 um
22. When preparing a wet mount, why must the cover slip be lowered o
________________________________________________________________
23. When preparing a wet
mount, why must the cover
slip be lowered onto the slide
on an angle?
• To avoid air bubbles.
D. CHEMISTRY
24. Label the subatomic particles of the atom below and indicate its charge.
A. Electron ( negative)
B. Neutron (no charge)
C. Proton ( positive)
25. Identify each phase below (solid, liquid, gas).
Write the name of the phase to the right of each
diagram as well as the positioning and speed of
the molecules.
Gas
solid
Liquid
Very far apart
Close together
Very fast
Vibrate
Some space
between
Slide past
each other
26. For the following questions, choose the phase change
that is described by each statement.
Melting Evaporization Condensation Freezing
a. Gas loses heat energy.
• condensation
b. When liquid absorbs heat energy.
• evaporation
c. The solid absorbs heat energy.
• melting
d. Solid changes directly to the gas phase.
• sublimation
e. Liquid loses heat energy.
• freezing
Sublimation
27. For the following questions, determine if a physical
(P) or chemical change (C) is being described.
a. Iodine reacts with
hydrogen to form a gas.
• C
b. Shattering of a glass
• P
c. Rust on a garden tool.
• C
d. Freezing of ice.
• P
e. Evaporation of a mud
puddle.
•P
f. Burning of a piece of paper
•C
g. Explosion of fireworks
•C
h. Drying of wet laundry.
•P
28. The following statements are false. Change the underlined
word to make the statement correct.
a. In a compound, elements are physically combined.
• mixture
b. In a mixture, substances cannot be separated by
physical means.
• compound
c. A compound cannot be broken down into a simpler
substance.
• Element
29. For the questions below, select the family below being described
(Metals - M, Nonmetals - N, Metalloids - ME, Noble Gases - NG)
a.Very ductile and malleable.
•M
b. Brittle
•N
c. Good conductors of heat
and electricity
•M
d. On the right side of
metalloids on the periodic
table.
•N & NG
e. Can be shiny or dull
•ME
f. Also called inert.
•NG
g. No luster.
•N & NG
h. Non-reactive
•NG
i. On the left side of metalloids
on the periodic table.
•M
30. Identify the following information for the element below.
a. Atomic mass = 112.41
b. Mass number = 112
c. Number of protons = 48
d. Number of neutrons = 64
e. Atomic number = 48
f. Number of electrons = 48
31. Use the Periodic Table below to answer the following questions.
a. Which letter represents the metals?
C
b. Which letter represents the noble gases?
E
c. Which letter represents a period?
A
d. Which letter represents a group?
B&E
e. Which letter would contain some metalloids?
D
CELLS
32. List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory.
• Cells are the basic unit of function in
all living things.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure in
all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.
33. Identify the scientist who made the following
contributions to the cell theory:
a. All animals are made of cells.
• Schwann
b. Cells come from preexisting cells.
• Virchow
c. All plants are made of cells.
• Schleidan
d. Looked at cork & named cells.
• Hooke
34. Which part of the cell:
a. transports materials
• ER
b. carries out respiration
• mitochondria
c. stores materials
• vacuole
d. produces proteins
• ribosomes
e. is semi-permeable
• Cell membrane
f. Carries out photosynthesis
• chloroplast
g. packages and ships materials
• Golgi bodies
h. gives a plant cell it’s shape
• Cell wall
i. aids in cell division in animal
cells
• centrioles
j. controls the cell
• nucleus
k. digests materials in animal
cells
• lysosome
35. Where is DNA found in a cell?
• On chromosomes in the nucleus.
36. List the 5 levels of organization
of a multicellular organism from
smallest to largest.
• Cells tissues  organs organ
systems  organism
37. Label the plant and animal cells below.
A. Chromosomes (DNA)
B. ER
C. Nucleolus
D. Nucleus
E. Nuclear membrane
F. Cytoplasm
G. Mitochondria
H. Golgi Bodies
I. Ribosomes
J. Vacuole
K. Cell membrane
L. Vacuole
M. Cell Wall
N. Chloroplast
40. Label the plant and animal cells below.
C
B
D
A
E
F
N
P
G
Q
M
H
L
I
K
J
R
O. Centrioles
Label the plant and animal cells below.
C
P. Cytoplasm
B
D
Q. ER
A R. DNA
E
S. Nucleolus
T. Nuclear Membrane
F
U. Ribosome
G
V. Golgi Bodies
M
W. Mitochondria H
L
X. Cell Membrane I
K
J
YX
W
V
O
P
U
Q
R
T
S
38. Below is a diagram of two spaces being separated by a selectively
permeable membrane.
.
a. If the particles in the diagram represent
carbón dioxide molecules and are
moving from A  B, what process does
that represent? Is energy needed for this
process to occur?
Diffusion, no energy needed
c. If the particles in the diagram
represent wáter molecules and they
are moving from A  B, what process
does that represent? Is energy needed
for this process to occur?
Osmosis, no
b. If the particles in the diagram represent
carbón dioxide molecules and are
moving from B  A, what process does
that represent? Is energy needed for this
process to occur?
Active transport, yes
39. What happens when salt water is added to
a(n):
a. Animal cell =
• Cell shrivels up because water leaves the
cell.
b. Plant cell =
• The cell membrane pulls away from the cell
wall as water leaves the cell. The cell wall is
unaffected.
40. What is respiration?
• The production of energy (ATP) in the
mitochondria of cells.
41. What is produced by respiration which is
needed for the life processes of every
organism?
• Energy, ATP
42. Which nutrient is needed for each type of
respiration to occur?
• glucose
44. Identify the type of respiration being described:
d. Carried out by yeast
a. Requires oxygen
•Alcoholic
•Aerobic
Fermentation
b. Fermentation
e. produces 36 ATP
•Anaerobic
•Aerobic
c. Occurs in the
f. occurs in
muscles in the absence
mitochondria
of oxygen
•Both
•Lactic Acid
e. occurs in
Fermentation
mitochondria
45. The sum total of all life
processes is known as
•Metabolism
46. Maintaining a stable, internal
environment in a living thing is
known as
•Homeostasis
CLASSIFICATION
46. List the 7 levels of classification from largest
to smallest.
• Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species
47. An organism that produces it’s own food is
known as a(n)
• autotroph
48. An organism that cannot produce it’s own
food is known as a(n)
• heterotroph
49. What two words are used to
name an organism?
• Genus species
50. A cell that contains a nucleus is
known as a _____ cell.
• eukaryotic
51. What kingdom(s) contain organisms that are:
a. unicellular
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria & Protists
b. only heterotrophic
• Animals & Fungi
c. prokaryotic
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
• d. heterotrophic or autotrophic
• Eubacteria, Archaebacteria & Protists
G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
52. Label the digestive system diagram below.
mouth
esophagus
liver
Gall bladder
Small
intestine
stomach
pancreas
Large
intestine
rectum
53. How is energy measured in food?
• calories
54. Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
begin?
• mouth
55. How does mechanical digestion happen in the
mouth?
• teeth chew and grind food
56. Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?
• stomach
57. Where does digestion end?
• Small intestine/duodenum
58. Where does most digestion occur?
• Small intestine/duodenum
59. Where does peristalsis occur?
• esophagus & the rest of the digestive system
60. Where are nutrients absorbed into the
bloodstream?
• villi in the small intestine
61. Where is water absorbed back into the body?
• large intestine
62. The stomach produces gastric juice. What is this
juice made of?
• hydrochloric acid and pepsin
63. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored?
• Liver, gall bladder
56. What are the functions of the digestive system?
• To break down food into pieces small enough to
enter cells.
57. What carries nutrients from the digestive system
to the cells?
• Blood/circulatory system
58. What is chemical digestion?
• Digestion of food using enzymes.
• Breaking down complex molecules of food into
more simple molecules.
REVIEW
1. What is the volume of the liquid in the graduated
cylinder below?
b.
a.
8.6 mL
c.
23.0 mL 30.0 mL
2. An experiment was done to determine if growth solution affects plant
growth. Two groups of 5 plants of the same species we kept in identical
conditions except the plants in Group A were given a growth solution every
3 days. The plants in Group B were not given the solution. The heights of
the plants in both groups were recorded at the beginning of the study and
at the end of a 3 week period.
a. State the problem of the experiment.
b. Come up with a hypothesis.
c. Identify the independent variable.
d. Identify the dependent variable.
e. List 3 constants in the experiment.
f. Identify the control group.
g. What is the conclusion of the experiment?
h. What must be done to make the experiment more valid?