Transcript Classification and Taxonomy

Taxonomy
The Naming and Classification of Life
How are these 2 organisms different?
Autotroph
Do Now… pg.
Heterotroph
How are these 2 cells different?
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
How are these 2 cells different?
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Why are organisms classified?
1. To help biologists study living things more easily
2. Reduces confusion
 Look up a word in the dictionary. It would be very hard if all the
pages were ripped out and put in a random pile.
 Instead, words are arranged or classified for us in alphabetical
order making it easier to locate words.
 There are about 1.5 million different organisms living on Earth and
more being discovered each year!
Classification
 Classification: grouping organisms based on similarities
 Taxonomy – branch of science that names and classifies organisms
 Taxonomists – scientists who name and classify organisms
How are organisms classified?
 Organisms are classified based upon physical, functional and
genetic (DNA) similarities
Organisms put into Taxons based on similarities
Taxon:
 A group where organisms share similar characteristics
 Anyone of the 7 taxonomic groups (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order…)
Largest Taxon –
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
Smallest Taxon –
Method to Memorize
 King
 Philip
 Came
 Over
 From
 Great
 Spain
Most Broad Taxon = Kingdoms
 Every organism is placed into 5 large groupings known as
KINGDOMS
 Organisms in the same kingdom have major characteristics in
common
5 kingdoms are
Lets Describe these 5 Kingdoms
Do Now… page 8 (blank Do Now space)
1. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? Similar?
2. Why is fungus not a plant or an animal?
3. All organisms are grouped into 5 large groups called:
All organisms grouped into 5 Kingdoms but still have differences!
KINGDOM
All organisms in animal kingdom are animals:
Eukaryotic cells Multicellular
Heterotrophic cells
Still differences among animals. You need to
get more specific!
PHYLUM
Group similar animals together based on a common characteristic.
In this case, all animals with backbones
These animals will go into a smaller group, called a Phylum!
Not as many animals in a phylum!
Big to Small
Phyla are then divided into even
more narrow, specific, groupings
of organisms called
–
–
–
–
–
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Species:
• Organisms in a specific species are so similar that
they can reproduce
• Most specific/similar organisms
What is going on in the picture?
From Kingdom to Species:
–Increase / decrease in number of organisms?
–Increase / decrease in similarity?
From species to kingdom:
–Increase or decrease in number of organisms?
–Increase or decrease in similarity?
Humans Classified
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
Classification Worksheet… Page
Match the correct Taxon with the correct amount of organisms:
1. Genus
_________
2. Species
_________
3. Kingdom
_________
4. Order
_________
5. Class
_________
6. Family
_________
7. Phylum
_________
A. 2 million (organisms)
B. 1 (organism)
C. 100
D. 500,000
E. 750,000
F. 75,000
G. 10,000
Classification Worksheet… Page
1. Family
2. Order
3. Class
4. Species
5. Phylum
6. Kingdom
7. Genus
Most closely related
How do we write Scientific Names?
Carolus Linneaus came up with a scientific way to name organisms
called binomial nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature:
 Name of an organism uses Genus and Species
 Genus is always capitalized
 Species is always lowercase
 Both names ALWAYS written in italics
 Human: Homo sapiens
Humans Classified
Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
What is the scientific name for Humans?
__________________________________________
Whales Classified
What is the scientific name for a “Killer Whale”?
1. What is the scientific name for a wolf? How do you write it?
2. Are the fox and the wolf in the same Genus? ( Yes / No )
3. Are the fox and the wolf in the same Family? ( Yes / No )
4. Are the fox and the wolf in the same Order? ( Yes / No )
5. Members of which taxon have the most characteristics in
common? (most similar organisms)
Classification Tools
Dichotomous Key – an organized set of descriptions that describe
different characteristics of biological organisms.
 Purpose: Simplifies the identification of biological organisms
 How: Compare the characteristics of an unknown organism to
an appropriate dichotomous key.
 The key will begin general and lead to pairs of descriptions
that get more specific
 Follow the key, like a treasure hunt, and you will find the
correct organism based on its features!
Dichotomous Key Practice
Bird W-
Bird Y -
Bird X -
Bird Z -
W
X
Y
Z
Numeric key with couplets presented together. The major advantage of this method
of presentation is that both characteristics in a couple can be evaluated and compared
very easily.
1a. Bean round
Garbanzo bean
1b. Bean elliptical or oblong
Go to 2
2a. Bean white
2b. Bean has dark pigments
White northern
Go to 3
3a. Bean evenly pigmented
3b. Bean pigmentation mottled
Go to 4
Pinto bean
4a. Bean black
4b. Bean reddish-brown
Black bean
Kidney bean
Tip - Using a Dichotomous Key
When completing a Dichotomous Key
1. If you have 2 organisms that are the same scientific name,
then you made a mistake (unless you have 2 of the exact same
organisms present… usually never the case)
Dichotomous Key Lab
on
Sharks
More In-depth Version of
Kingdoms
5 Kingdoms – Complete as we review each kingdom
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protista
Monera
Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
or
Heterotroph
Unicellular
or
Multicellular
Cell wall
No cell wall
(cellulose)
Cell structures
or
and
chloroplasts
chloroplasts
Cell wall
(chitin)
Cell wall
(cellulose) in
Certain
some, some structures
have
on cell walls
chloroplasts
5 Kingdoms
1. Monera
 Unicellular (single cell)
 Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
 Example: Bacteria
Archaebacteria can survive in extreme conditions
 Thermophiles – hot living
 Halophiles – salty living
 Acidophiles – acidic living
 Alkaphiles – basic living
5 Kingdoms
2. Protista
 Unicellular (single cell)
 Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
 Example: Ameba, Paramecium
5 Kingdoms
3. Fungi
 Multicellular (has many cells)
 Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
 Heterotrophic
 Have cell walls but CANNOT make
own food!
 Examples: Yeast, mold, lichens,
mushrooms
5 Kingdoms
4. Plant
 Multicellular (has many cells)
 Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
 Autotrophic
 Have cell walls
 Make on food by photosynthesis
 Non-motile
5 Kingdoms
5. Animal
 Multicellular (has many cells)
 Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
 Heterotrophic
 Obtain food by ingestion
 Motile
5 Kingdoms – Complete as we review each kingdom
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protista
Monera
Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
Autotroph
or
Heterotroph
Unicellular
or
Multicellular
Cell wall
No cell wall
(cellulose)
Cell structures
or
and
chloroplasts
chloroplasts
Cell wall
(chitin)
Why are organisms divided up like this?
Can we make any other groups broader, or larger, than Kingdom?
Cell wall
(cellulose) in
Certain
some, some structures
have
on cell walls
chloroplasts