Transcript Science Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Classifying Plants and Animals
Lesson 1
Cells
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A cell is the building block of life. It is the smallest unit of
a living thing and can perform all life processes.
All living things are made of cells.
Some living things are made of one cell, most living
things are many celled.
Every part of you from your muscles to your blood is
made of billions of cells.
Cells have a certain role. Some cells help you get
energy and some cells help protect you.
Microscopes are needed to see cells.
Cells
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Cell Parts
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Cells that make up all animals have many similar
parts.
All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and
a nucleus.
A nucleus is the control center for the cell. It
acts like a brain.
The cell membrane is the cell’s outer border. It
controls what moves in and out of the cell.
The cytoplasm contains all the things the cell
needs to carry out its life processes.
How are plant and animal cells
different?
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Plant cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm,
and a nucleus.
Plant cells have two parts that animal cells do
not have.
Plants have to make their own food.
Chloroplasts are parts of a plant cell that trap
the Sun’s energy. Plants use this energy for
food.
Plant cells also have a cell wall. The cell wall is
outside of the cell membrane. It helps to support
and protect the cell.
Cells
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Videos on Cells
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The Living Cell
Cells Work Together
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Cells are like building blocks. They build an
animal or plant.
Cells work together. Different cells do different
kinds of work.
Groups of the same type of cells form a tissue.
Groups of tissues that work together form
organs.
Groups of organs that work together form
systems.
Lesson 2
How are living things grouped?
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There are over 1 MILLION different kinds of
organisms.
Scientists have to sort all living things into
different groups.
They look at its cells and parts the cells have.
They think about where it lives and how it
gets its food.
All organisms in the same group have
common characteristics.
How would you classify these
animals?
Kingdoms
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The largest classification system is a kingdom.
Some classification systems have six kingdoms.
All animals- from ants to elephants are in the animal
kingdom.
All plants belong to another kingdom.
Scientists also see how an organism gets its food in
determining what kingdom it is in.
Turn to p. 11
Kingdoms
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What kingdom group is many-celled
organisms with tissue, organs, and systems.
They do not make their own food and eat
other plants and animals.
What kingdom group is one-celled with a
nucleus and other cell parts. They live in
water and a moist environment?
What kingdom group make their own food,
have one cell, and have no separate
nucleus?
Answers:
Animal Kingdom
Ancient Bacteria Kingdom
Protists Kingdom
Getting More Specific
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Scientists divide kingdoms into smaller groups.
They keep dividing into smaller and smaller groups.
They use the organism’s features to decide whether
the organism belongs in the same group.
Scientists use the smallest two groups to name
organisms. The first part of an organism’s scientific
name is its genus. The second part of an
organism’s scientific name is its species.
Genus
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A genus is a group of closely related living
things. This name is the first name of the
scientific name.
Black-footed cat
House cat
Felis nigripes
Felis domesticus
Species
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A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and
produce offspring. The species name often describes and
characteristic, such as where the organism lives or its color. The
species name is the second part of the scientific name.
Canis lupis
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Lesson 3
How are plants classified?
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One way plants are classified is by how they
transport water and nutrients.
Vascular plants have tubes that connect the
leaves, stems, and roots to transport water and
nutrients. Examples of vascular plants are
grass, celery, ferns, trees, and dandelions.
Nonvascular plants do not have roots, stems,
or leaves. They pass water and nutrients only
from one cell to the cell next to it. Water does
not travel very far or quickly. The plants are
usually small. Examples of nonvascular plants
are mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
Vascular and Nonvascular
Plants
Vascular Plants
Have tubes that carry water to the
roots, stems, and leaves
Nonvascular Plants
Transports water from cell to cell.
These plants don’t have roots,
stems, or regular looking leaves.
How are plants classified?
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The second way plants are classified is how they
reproduce and make new plants.
Plants with flowers or cones reproduce from
seeds. Pine trees have seeds, but do not make
flowers. Their pine cone makes seeds. Pine trees
are called conifers.
Some plants reproduce by producing tiny cells
called spores. Spores can grow into new plants.
Examples of plants with spores are ferns and
mosses.
Plants with seeds and spores
Seeds
Spores
A seed has many cells and has a
young plant and stored food inside.
Flowering plants and trees with
cones reproduce with seeds.
A spore has one cell. They need a
moist, shady area to grow into a
new plant. Spores look like brown
dots. Moss and ferns are examples
of plants with spores.
Lesson 4
How are animals classified?
 Scientists
divide animals into
two groups: those with
backbones and animals without
backbones.
 Animals with backbones are
vertebrates.
 Animals without backbones
are invertebrates.
Vertebrates
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Vertebrates are animals with backbones. You are a
vertebrate.
The five classes of vertebrates are fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without a
backbone. Most of the animals in the world
are invertebrates.
 Some invertebrates have a soft body like
jellyfish and worms.
 Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed
legs. They have a soft body covered by a
hard exoskeleton. The exoskeleton acts
like armor protecting the animal. Insects,
spiders, and crabs are examples of
arthropods.
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Invertebrates
ARTHROPODS
Other Invertebrates
Lesson 5
Adaptations
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An ADAPTATION is a physical feature or
behavior that helps an animal get food,
protect itself, move, or reproduce. Every
animal needs food, water, oxygen, and
shelter to survive.
Sometimes there are not enough resources
to go around and animals with good
adaptations have a better chance of getting
the resources it needs and surviving.
Adaptations
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Birds have many adaptations
to help them get what they
need.
They have feathers to help
them fly.
The shape of the beak helps
them get the food that they
need.
Webbed feet help ducks move
in the water.
Cactus wrens can go without
much water in the desert.
Adaptations
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Mammals have many
adaptations to help them
survive.
Polar bears have thick coats of
fur to keep them warm. Their
sharp claws and teeth help
them eat food.
A giraffe has a long neck to
reach leaves in trees.
Humans have two eyes in front
to tell how far away things are.
Adaptations that protect
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Some animals have
adaptations that help
them from being eaten
by predators.
Some animals can
blend in to protect
itself. They have
colors, shapes, and
patterns that can keep
them hidden from
predators.
Adaptations that protect
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Some animals have poison to
protect them.
The poison dart frog has
enough poison to kill a person.
The European green toad has
a poison glad behind each
eye.
Some animals have a different
way of moving to escape their
predators.
Birds’ wings allow them to fly
away.
Fins allow fish to swim away
from a predator.
Other animals can run at top
speed longer than their
enemies.
Animal Instincts
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Instincts are behaviors that
are inherited. Ducklings just
know to follow their mother.
Migration is traveling in
search of food or a place to
reproduce. Most animals
migrate for the winter.
Canada geese migrate to
Mexico to escape the cold
winter. They can fly 60 miles
an hour.
Hibernation is a state of
inactivity that occurs in some
animals when outside
temperatures are cold.
Animals conserve energy by
sleeping. They eat a lot
before and store energy for
while they are hibernating.
Parents Teach Offspring
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Animals have a lot of adaptations and instincts
to survive.
Parents also teach their offspring how to
survive.
Lion cubs learn to hunt from their parents.
A herd of zebras learn to stay together and not
be by themselves.
A lion cub learns to pounce on prey by pouncing
on its mother’s tail.