Transcript Reformation Power Point

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church
was the dominant religion in Western Europe
Without a common government in
Europe, the Catholic Pope became
an important political leader
On the manor, priests were powerful
because the controlled peoples’
access to heaven by delivering the
sacraments & absolving sins
The Catholic Church taught that people could
gain access to heaven (called salvation) by having
faith in God & doing good works for others
Practices of the
Catholic Church
The church taught that
Christians could gain
more of God’s grace
through a series of
spiritual rituals called
the Holy Sacraments
Sacraments included
Baptism, Confirmation,
Communion,
Confession, Marriage,
Ordination of Priests,
Last Rites for the Dying
But, the church was
also growing corrupt
Some Clergy members
sold indulgences
Priests were required
to go through
rigorous
training
in
a
Sometimes, feudal
monastery…but
lords would use some
their
church
positions
were
influence
to have
sold
to the
highest
friends
or children
bidder
called
simony
named
as priests,
called lay investiture
One of the most
corrupt church
practices was the
selling of indulgences
Indulges began as a
way for people to
repent for their sins
through good works
These practices went
unquestioned during
the Middle Ages
But rather than
requiring good deeds,
church leaders began
selling indulgence
certificates as a way
of raising money
By the time of the Renaissance,
some Christians began
criticizing church corruptions &
questioned Catholic teachings
Christian humanists
believed that they
could help reform the
Catholic Church. This
movement to reform
Church corruption was
known as the
Protestant
Reformation
In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe attacked
corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not
the Pope) was the ultimate authority on
Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the
vernacular (local language) not Latin
CatholicTitle
leaders responded to these
criticisms by executing Wycliffe
■ Text
In 1509, Christian
humanist Erasmus
published Praise of Folly
which called for an end
of corruptions and
reduction of the Pope’s
growing power over nonreligious areas of life like
government and
economics (secular
power )
As a result of Johann Gutenberg’s
invention of the moveable-type
printing press in 1453, Erasmus’
book spread throughout Europe &
increased calls for church reform
The Protestant Reformation
By the early 1500s,
the Catholic Church
was in turmoil over
the controversy
of corruption &
its unwillingness to
adopt reforms
In Germany, a
Catholic monk named
Martin Luther
became involved in a
serious dispute with
the Catholic Church
Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church
began the Protest
Protestant Reform
Reformation
Reformation & inspired a
series of new Christian denominations
During the Protestant Reformation,
reformers protested church corruptions &
practices in hopes of reforming Christianity
Martin Luther
After studying the Bible as
a monk, Martin Luther
became a priest & scholar
During his studies of the
Bible, Luther became
convinced that salvation
could not be achieved by
good works & sacraments
Instead, Luther was inspired
by St. Paul’s Epistle to the
Romans: “A person can be
made good by having faith
in God’s mercy”
Martin Luther
Martin Luther believed
that salvation was gained
though having faith in God;
He called this idea
Justification by Faith
Martin Luther was also
deeply troubled by the
church’s selling of
indulgences, which he
saw as false salvation
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote
a list of arguments against
church practices called the
“Ninety-Five Theses”
He posted the Ninety-Five
Theses on the church door in
the town of Wittenberg &
welcomed debate of his ideas
The “Ninety-Five Theses” spread quickly through
Europe causing an incredible controversy
Many people, especially
in Northern Europe, were
excited about his ideas
But the Catholic Church
condemned Luther &
rejected his ideas
In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms,
a meeting of church & political leaders
The Church
Luther refused, argued that the
demanded that
Bible was the only source of
Luther take back religious authority, & encouraged
his teachings
Christians to study the Bible for
themselves
At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was
excommunicated from the Catholic Church
Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church
led to the formation of a new Christian
denomination known as Lutheranism
Lutheranism was the first
of a series of “Protestant”
Christian faiths that broke
from the Catholic Church
and power of the Pope
Calvinism taught
predestination, the
idea that God
determines
In 1530, the Protestant
beforehand (He has
movement gave way to the pre-determined,)
teachings of John Calvin. who will be saved..
Calvin wrote an important
book that gave structure to
Protestant beliefs. He
taught that people are
sinful by nature.
As Protestant churches grew all over Europe, the
Catholic Church took steps to change itself. This
was
called the Catholic Reformation or CounterThe
Jesuits…
Reformation.
One Catholic reformer was
•started
across
Europe
Ignatiusschools
(later St.
Ignatius)
who founded a new group
•they
missionaries
to convert people to
in sent
the Catholic
Church
Catholicism
based on deep devotion to
Jesus. Members of this
•tried
to stop
thecalled
spread
group,
were
theof Protestantism
Jesuits. (Think McQuiad
This was called the Counter-Reformation
HS…the Jesuits)
Movement
Protestant Reformation
During the Protestant Reformation, religious
reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic
Church & started new Christian denominations
Protestant
Martin Luther began the
Reformation
Reformation & believed
in Justification by Faith
John Calvin believed
in predestination
& not the
Henry VIII,
a strict code
of living
Pope,
was the head of
the Anglican Church
the 1500s,
the new
protestant
But,Inmost
Europeans,
especially
in Spain,
faiths
spread,&especially
into
France,
Portugal,
Italy stayed
with the
northern
Europe which
in areas
away from
Catholic Church
remained
the
the power
ofin
the
Catholic
largest
religion
Europe
butChurch
it had lost
much of its power & influence
How did leaders of the Catholic Church
respond to the Reformation?
■Assume the role of a Catholic bishop
attending the Council of Trent in 1545
& develop a response to the Reformation
–Brainstorm solutions to
this problem
–Identify positive & negative
consequences of each
possible solution
–Rank order your solutions
–Be prepared to discuss
The response of the Catholic Church to the
The Catholic
Protestant
ReformationReformation
became known as the
Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation)
One of the first reformers in
the Catholic Church was
Ignatius of Loyola who formed
the Society of Jesus in 1540
Members of the Society of
Jesus were called Jesuits &
focused on three goals:
Jesuits formed Jesuits tried
schools to
to stop the
better educate
spread of
Catholic priests Protestantism
Jesuits sent missionaries
around the world to convert
non-Christians to Catholicism
In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee
of Catholic leaders to review church practices,
known as the Council of Trent
The Catholic Church
stopped selling false
indulgences
Over the next 18 years,
New schools were
the Council of Trent
made a series of reforms created to educate priests
The Council of Trent also reaffirmed
several core Catholic beliefs & practices
Salvation is gained
through faith in God
& good works
All seven Holy Sacraments
are legitimate means to
gain God’s grace
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible
is final & all others who interpret the
Bible are heretics (non-believers)
To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the
Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, & punish heretics
The Church banned & burned all
offensive books, including Protestant bibles
The Impact of the Reformation
The Protestant
Reformation left Europe
religiously divided
Numerous religious wars
were fought between
Catholics & Protestants
The weakened
authority of the
Pope helped kings
gain power &
form nations
The Reformation encouraged
education & the questioning
of long-held beliefs
Missionaries
converted
non-Christians
throughout the
world
Closure Activity