Transcript The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant
Reformation
What is a Protestant?
Christianity
Protestant
Catholic
Reformation
For centuries, the Roman
Catholic Church had little
competition in religious
thought and action.
The resistance of the Church
to change led to the
Protestant Reformation,
which resulted in the birth of
new political and economic
institutions.
Conflicts that challenged the
authority of the Church in Rome
Merchant wealth challenged the
Church’s view of usury
German and English nobility
disliked Italian domination of the
Church
The Church’s great political
power and wealth caused conflict
Church corruption and the sale
of indulgences were widespread
and caused conflict
Dissenters
(Prior to Luther)
John Wycliffe- an English priest who
argued that the Bible is the highest
religious authority. He translated the
Bible into English so people could guide
themselves in religious matters. He was
denounced by the Pope and his followers
were persecuted.
Jan Huss- a Bohemian religious leader
who advocated ideas similar to Wycliffe.
Huss was arrested, tried as a heretic and
burned at the stake.
Questions
What religion are Protestants and Catholics?
What led to the start of the Protestant Reformation?
What were some of the corrupt practices taking place within the
Catholic Church?
What were indulgences?
Who were the two dissenters before Luther?
Martin Luther
(The Lutheran tradition)
Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible
as the ultimate authority, all humans
equal before God
Actions—95 theses, birth of the
Protestant Church
The 95 theses were statements written
by Martin Luther against indulgences
and other church practices.
John Calvin
(The Calvinist tradition)
John Calvin believed in
predestination or the idea that God
had determined in advance who
would achieve salvation.
Calvin reformed the city of Geneva,
Switzerland and made it into a
powerful center of Protestantism.
Actions-Expansion of the Protestant
Movement
King Henry VIII
(Church of England)
Wanted a divorce from his first wife because
she did not provide him with a male heir.
When the Catholic Church would not grant
him a divorce, he broke with the Church in the
Rome.
Henry stopped internal dissent by restricting
the religious choice to only the Church of
England of which he declared himself to be
the head. He retained most of the rituals of
the Roman Catholic Church during his reign,
but then dissolved all Catholic monasteries and
sold their land and possessions (which
amounted to almost one-fourth of the land in
England).
Henry would marry five more times-executing
two of those wives and divorcing another. His
second wife was the mother of Elizabeth I.
Elizabeth I
(Anglican Tradition)
Was the daughter of Henry VIII. She was twenty-five
when she became queen in 1558 and ruled successfully
for forty-four years.
Elizabeth inherited the conflicts between the Catholics
and the Protestants which she worked with successfully
through compromises.
The Anglican Church under Elizabeth followed a
moderate Protestantism that satisfied most people in
England.
During Elizabeth’s reign England began to explore and
colonize. Elizabeth sponsored Sir Francis Drake and
the colony of Virginia in the New World was named for
Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”.
Phillip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to try and
invade England during Elizabeth’s Reign. England
successfully defeat the Armada in 1588.
Questions
Who started the Protestant Reformation?
How were Luther and Calvin’s views different?
What was the 95 theses?
Why did King Henry VIII change the religion in his country to
Protestant?
What is Elizabeth I most well known for?
Reformation in
Germany
Princes in Northern Germany
converted to Protestantism,
ending authority of the Pope in
their states
The Hapsburg family and the
authority of the Holy Roman
Empire continued to support the
Roman Catholic Church
Conflict between Protestants and
Catholics resulted in devastating
wars (e.g., Thirty Years War).
Thirty Year’s War
The Thirty Year’s War was a series of conflicts
between 1618 and 1648 mostly in the territory
of today’s Germany.
While the clash between the Protestants and
Catholics was one of the main reasons for the
war, there were many other factions and
conflicts during the war including international
conflicts, a German civil war for the selfpreservation of the Hapsburg dynasty, and a
religious war among Catholics, Lutherans, and
Calvinists.
When France entered the Thirty Years War on
the side of the Protestants that struggle changed
from religious to political.
The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty
Years War.
Reformation in
France
Catholic monarchy granted
Protestant Huguenots freedom
of worship by the Edict of
Nantes (later revoked)
Cardinal Richelieu changed
the focus of the Thirty Year’s
War from a religious to a
political conflict
Protestant
Huguenots
The Protestant Huguenots were greatly
influenced by Calvin. The Huguenots make
up a small percentage of the population but a
large percentage of the nobility.
When one of the Huguenots (a Protestant)
became King (Henry VI in 1589) he converted
to Catholicism when he realized that he would
never be accepted otherwise.
He later issued the Edict of Nantes which gave
the Huguenots the right to worship as
Protestants and returned many of their civil
privileges. With this Edict the French Wars of
Religion (1562-1598) ended.
Cardinal Richelieu
Was the de facto ruler of France after
Henry IV’s young son became king.
Though Richelieu was Catholic he
supported the Protestants in the Thirty
Years War because he felt the greater
enemy of France was Spain (a Catholic
country).
Internally, he captured holdings of the
Huguenots who were seen as a threat
to the king’s power. He established a
system of government with centralized
taxes and selected administrators who
gained control over all parts of France.
Catholic Reformation
(Counter Reformation)
The Council of Trent reaffirmed
most Church doctrine and
practices.
The sale of indulgences was
stopped by the Council of Trent
Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) was
founded to spread Catholic
doctrine around the world
Inquisition was established to
reinforce Catholic doctrine
A Changing Europe
At first, the Reformation divided the
countries of Europe on religious
principles, leading to religious
intolerance.
Power in most European states was
concentrated in the monarch.
Growth of secularism
Growth of individualism
Eventual growth of religious
tolerance
Role of the Printing Press
Growth of literacy was
stimulated by the Gutenberg
printing press.
The Bible was printed in English,
French, and German
These factors had an important
impact on spreading the ideas of
the Reformation and the
Renaissance
Questions
What was the name of the war fought between the Catholics
and Protestants?
What wealthy, powerful family supported the Catholic
church?
What document gave French Protestants (Huguenots)
freedom of worship?
What Cardinal turned the 30 yrs. war into a political conflict?
Who were two dissenters prior to Luther?
What was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine, often
violently?
The reformation led to the growth of what type of tolerance?
What invention helped spread the Reformation?