Transcript Unit 10 Belief

Chapter 10 Beliefs
• Religious history
• Around 432 Ireland converted to Christanity by St. Patrick,
who brought faith from Rome
• His followers spread christianity to Wales, Scotland & N.
England, established religious centres
• In Ad 496-7: the Saxons of A. England were converted to
Christianity by St. Augustine & other monks sent from
Rome by Pope
• In Ad 597: St Augustine founded the ecclesiastical capital
of Canterbury
Connection between church and
the state
• The hierarchical example of the Christian
church would support their royal authority
• The church also provided educated advisers
& administrators, through whom the kings
would control their kingdoms more
efficiently
• In Ad 663: all the churches agreed to accept the Roman
Catholic form of worship
• Christianity became a central & influential force in
national life
• Church was an essential part not only of religious culture
but also of administration, law and government
• Church remained a part of the Roman Catholic faith & was
based on the traditional hierarcy of monks, priests,
bishops & archbishops
• The English kings maintained their allegiance to Rome &
the Pope in spiritual matters
Conflicts & division between the
2 branches of Christianity
• Relationship between England and Rome became difficult
• By the 16th century: the breaking point
• Reasons: English monarchs
1. --- were jealous of the expanded power and wealth of
the English church
2.--- resented the dominant influence of Rome in
national affairs
3.--- Henry III, then , argued (a) he, not the pope : the
supreme legal authority, (b) English church & its courts
should owe their allegiance only to him
The Reformation
• Immediate Causes
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• Merchant wealth challenged the church’s view of
usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth
caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences
were widespread and caused conflict.
The Reformers
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Martin Luther
• Believed in salvation by faith alone
• Posted the 95 theses
• Led the movement that gave birth to the Protestant
Church
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John Calvin
• Believed in predestination
• Expanded Protestant movement
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King Henry VIII
• Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome
• Divorced, broke with the Catholic Church
Formed the Church of England
Immediate Results
England
• Elizabeth I
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ended bloodshed
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united British Isles under the Anglican
Church.
• Rise of Reformation contributed to the
• growth of capitalism
Immediate Results
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Germany
North: Princes converted to Protestantism,
ending papal authority in their states.
Hapsburg family remained Catholic.
War between Protestants and Catholics
resulted in devastating loss (Thirty Years’
War).
Counter-Reformation
• Catholic Church mounted reforms to
• reassert its authority (Reforms agreed to at
• the Council of Trent).
• Society of Jesus – The Jesuits – was
• founded to spread Catholic doctrine around
• the world.
• The Inquisition was established to
• reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Long-Term Results
• Changing cultural values and
traditions
– Growth of secularism
– Growth of individualism
– Growth of religious
tolerance
The church of England
• The established or national church in England
• Reasons
1.Official position was confirmed by the Elizabethan church
Settlement
2. Its archbishops, bishops deans are appointed by the
monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister
3. The monarch is the head of the church
4. Parliament has a voice in its organization & rituals
The Canterbury Cathedral
The Church of Scotland
• Created in 1560 by John Knox
• An established church in Scotland confirmed by successive
legislation from 1707
• Follow the teaching of Calvin
• Governed by elders
• The British monarch as its head
• Independent of all parliamentary supervision
• The general Assembly --- the supreme organizational body
of the church
• Made up of elected ministers & elders
The Roman catholic Church
• After the Reformation, the church in Britain experienced
much persecution & discrimination
• Head of the Roman catholic Church in England: the
cardinal Archbishop of Westminster
• The senior lay Catholic: the duke of Norfolk
• Now Catholicism is widely practised in Britain & enjoys
religious freedom
• The church continues to emphasize the important role of
education for its children & requires its members to try to
raise their children in the Catholic faith
The Free Churches
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The Methodists
The Baptists
The United Reformed Church
The Salvation Army
Other Beliefs
• Mahayana temple
Hinduism
• Background and beliefs: Hinduism is both a
civilisation and a congregation of religions, having
neither a founder, central authority, hierarchy nor
organisation.
• Places: Hindus consider the Ganges river in India
to be holy
• Community profile: There are between 400,000
and 550,000 people in the UK Hindu community,
concentrated in London (especially Wembley and
Harrow), Birmingham, Coventry and Leicester.
Membership has increased by 40% since 1975.
Mosque
Islam
• Background and beliefs: The sources of
Islam are the Koran, believed by Muslims
to be the exact word of God, and the Hadith
- the report of the sayings, deeds and
approvals of the Prophet Muhammad .
• Leaders: Islam has no priests, only (in the
Shia tradition) imams, who act as guides
and interpreters of the Koran
Islam
• Places: The Koran requires all Muslims to
undertake a pilgrimage (Haj) to Mecca in Saudi
Arabia once in their lifetime, if their health and
means permit.
• Community profile: Britain's Muslim community
numbers about two million people. Large
communities exist in the West Midlands, West
Yorkshire, Bradford, Lancashire, Greater London
and in Scotland's central belt.
Sikhism
• Background and beliefs: Sikhism is an Indian
religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements,
founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century by
Guru Nanak. Nanak was the first of the Ten Gurus,
of whom Sikhs consider themselves disciples.
There is one God, whom man should serve by
leading a good life of prayer and obedience to His
commands. By doing this, Sikhs believe that after
their soul passes through various existences by
transmigration they will ultimately become one
with God.
Sikhism
• Community:The British Sikh community
now stands at about 500,000, with
concentrations in Birmingham, Bradford,
Cardiff, Coventry, Glasgow, Leeds,
Leicester, Greater London (especially
Southall) and Wolverhampton