Transcript The Reformation 14

EQ: Was Martin Luther right to
rebel against the Catholic Church
and form a new religion?
Directions:
• Write down text in cream.
• Don’t write down text in yellow.
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Martin Luther
• Born 1483
• Priest &
Professor in
Wittenberg,
Germany
Selling of Indulgences
• Pope Leo X started
practice
– certificates
issued by
Church to
reduce or cancel
punishment of
sins
• Luther didn’t agree
with sale of
Indulgences –
1530 Depiction of Selling Indulgences
Calls for Reform
• John Wycliffe (1330-1384)
– Questioned the authority of the
pope
• Jan Hus (1370-1415)
– Criticized the vast wealth of the
Church
• Erasmus (1469-1536)
– Attacked corruption in the
Church
Luther Posts The 95 Theses
• 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of
Church
• Criticized Indulgences & church corruption
Luther’s Ideas
Collection of Martin Luther’s Writings, 1581
Luther’s Different Accounts
Young Martin Luther
Old Martin Luther
Essential Question:
Why did Martin Luther challenge the
Catholic Church?
Reformation Spreads
• Gutenberg’s
printing press
spreads ideas
• Indulgences sales
drop
• Luther continued
attacks
16th Century Europe: The Reformation
Europe in 1560
Response From Rome
• Pope Leo X sent
envoys to end uprising
• Luther refused to stop
his criticism
• In 1521 the Pope
excommunicated
Luther
Diet of Worms
• Council of German princes
• Luther declared a heretic & outlaw
Peasant Revolt in 1525
• Luther backed
princes
• Princes support
Luther against
Pope
Catholic
• Faith and Good
Works
• Ritual and
Tradition
• Pope
• Language – Latin
Lutheran
• Faith alone
• literal interpretation
of bible
• Did not recognize
authority of Pope
• Language –
German
The Spread of Lutheranism
Calvin
• Wrote The
Institutes of the
Christian Religion
• Predestination –
God determines the
fate of every person
• Popular in
Netherlands &
Scotland
Calvin’s World in the 16c
The Anabaptists
• Baptized adults
• No participation in
government
• Pacifists
• Persecuted went to
America in 1600’s
• Quakers, Baptists,
Mennonites, Amish
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists
(Mennonites)
The Catholic Reformation
• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent
1545-1563
Protestant
Churches
in
France
(Late 16c)
Religious Persecution
• Jesuits – religious
order founded by
Ignatius of
Loyola
• missionaries
• Inquisition
tortured
unfaithful
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)
Edict of Nantes
 Henri of Navarre defeated
Catholic League & becomes
Henry IV of France.
 In 1598: Granted religious
rights to Huguenots
Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Ruler of each state could determine its official
religion, BUT must permit freedom of private
worship.
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Effects of Reformation
•
•
•
•
Division within Christian faith
Religious Wars—30 Years War
Religious Persecution--Inquisition
Began Separation of Church &
State