Transcript The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation

The Reformation and the
Counter-Reformation
Chapters 15.3 and 15.4
The Church
• Why the Church was important
– Pope was a spiritual and political leader
– Why churches and monasteries were needed
• Libraries
• Hospitals
• Cared for the sick, elderly, widows, orphans
• Lodging for travelers
• Education
The Church
• Problems with the Church
– Split in 1054 into Eastern Orthodox and
Western churches
– Some church leaders were worldly, wealthy,
and corrupt
– The church taxed people to pay for elaborate
buildings, clothing, etc.
The Church
• The Church began
selling indulgences
to raise more money
– Indulgences:
pardons sold by the
church to allow
people to spend less
time in Purgatory
Early Reformers
• John Wycliffe – 1300ssaid the Church should
give up Earthly
possessions
• Jan Hus – 1400s –
criticized the Church
and was burned at the
stake
Martin Luther
• In the 1500s, a
German monk named
Martin Luther
began to challenge
many Church
teachings
Luther’s Reformation
• Luther’s beliefs:
– The Church can’t sell forgiveness of sins
– God’s forgiveness can’t be earned through good
works- God gives salvation freely to those
who have faith
– Jesus is the only head of the Church- not the
Pope
– Christians don’t need priests to tell them
what the Bible means
The Reformation begins
• In 1517, Luther wrote
95 Theses criticizing
church practices, and
nailed them to the
door of his church
• His 95 Theses were
translated into
German, printed, and
sold
Luther’s Accomplishments
• Founded the Protestant Reformation
• Translated the Bible into German
• Wrote many hymns
Reaction to the 95 Theses
• Luther was excommunicated by the Pope
– Excommunicate: to ban someone from
participating in the Church
– Luther refused to recant, or take back, his
opinions
• The church named him an outlaw and a heretic
Founding of the Protestant
Churches
• Luther’s ideas spread; those who followed
his teachings were called Protestants
– Led to the founding of many new branches of
Christianity
• examples: Baptists- Lutherans- MethodistsPresbyterians- Puritanism- Episcopalians
The Reformation Spreads
• Reformation spread
to Switzerland,
France, England,
Scandinavia,
Germany, the
Netherlands
The Reformation Spreads
• Other Reformers
– John Knox – Scotland
– John Calvin – France
• Predestination- idea that God knows who will be
saved; nothing we can do will change our
predestined end
– Ulrich Zwingli – Switzerland
• Established a theocracy – a government ruled by
religious leaders who claim God’s authority
The Reformation in England
• Henry VIII wanted a
divorce from his wife,
Catherine; the Pope
said no
• Henry left the
Catholic church to
found the Church of
England, with
himself as the leader
The Counter Reformation
• The Counter Reformation was a series of
reforms to the Catholic Church
Catholic Reforms
• The Jesuits- founded by Ignatius Loyola
– Aka the Society of Jesus
– Opposed Protestant teachings through
education
• established schools and universities
– Georgetown
– Loyola
– Xavier
– Gonzaga
– Fordham
– Marquette
Catholic Reforms
• The Council of Trent- 1545-1563
– Ended sale of indulgences
– Better training for priests
– Kept the magnificent ceremonies of the
church
– Said that priests were needed to help people
interpret scripture
Catholic Reforms
• The Index of
Forbidden Books
– Lists of books that
Catholics were not
allowed to read
– Included the works of
Luther, Calvin,
Galileo, Copernicus,
Kepler, Machiavelli,
and Zwingli
Catholic Reforms
• The Inquisition- 1542
– Church courts to fight Protestantism
– Tried people accused of being Protestants,
heretics, and witches
– The Spanish Inquisition- tried Jews,
Muslims, and Protestants
Results of the Reformation
• Many Protestant sects formed
• Religious intolerance and persecution
– Protestants fought Catholics and each other
– Muslims forced to leave Spain
– Jews persecuted; many forced into segregated
neighborhoods called ghettos
– Religious hysteria- led to fears of witchcraft
Results of the Reformation
• Many religious groups left Europe to
escape persecution
• Catholic Church loses power and
influence
• Beginnings of national identity