Transcript Gargiulo Chapter 11

Chapter Eleven
Individuals With
Hearing Impairments
Definitions and Concepts in the
Field of Hearing Impairment
Hearing impairment
 Disordered hearing
Hearing sensitivity loss
 Described in range from mild to profound
Deaf/deafness
 Nonfunctional hearing; federal definition
refers to the educational impact due to the
hearing loss
Hard of hearing
 Residual hearing ability
Minimal hearing loss
 Difficultly hearing at a distance or with
background noise
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The Anatomy
of the Auditory System
The ear is divided into four connected
sections:
 outer ear
 middle ear
 inner ear
 central auditory nervous system
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Classifications of Hearing Loss
Conductive hearing loss
 Sound transmission is blocked in the middle or
outer ear
Sensorineural hearing loss
 Involves the inner ear (cochlea) and/or the
auditory nerve
Mixed hearing loss
 Combination of conductive/sensorineural loss
Central hearing loss
 Dysfunction in the central nervous system
Auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchrony
 Absence of neural functioning
Functional or nonorganic hearing loss
 Reported hearing loss that is not substantiated
by testing
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Measurement of Hearing
Impairments
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Audiogram
Frequency
Hertz (Hz)
Decibels (dB)
Pure-tone audiometry
Air-conduction audiometry
Bone-conduction audiometry
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Other Types of Hearing
Assessment
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Play audiometry
Speech audiometry
Speech recognition threshold (SRT)
Auditory evoked potentials
Evoked otoacoustic emissions
Acoustic imittance
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Age of Onset
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Prelingual: present at birth or before speech
onset
Postlingual: deficit acquired after speech
onset
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Brief History of the Field
1817: First school for students with hearing
impairments (American Asylum for the Education
of the Deaf and Dumb)
1864: First college for the hearing impaired (today
named Gallaudet University after Thomas
Gallaudet)
Communication methods:
 Manual communication- sign language/finger
spelling
 Oral communication- encouraged use of
residual hearing and speech reading
 Total communication- combination of spoken
and manual communication
This video contains 1928 footage of Anne Sullivan and
Helen Keller
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Prevalence of Hearing
Impairment
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Almost 71,000 students ages 6-21 were
identified as having a hearing impairment
and receiving a special education during the
2008-2009 school year.
Approximately 8,400 preschoolers were
receiving a special education due to a
hearing impairment.
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Etiology of Hearing Impairments
Genetic/Hereditary factors
 Down syndrome
 Usher syndrome
 Waardenburg syndrome
Infections
 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, otitis
media
Developmental abnormalities
 Atresia
Environmental/traumatic factors
 Loud noise, low birth weight, prescription
medication, head injuries
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Disorders Associated with
Hearing Loss in Children
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Characteristics of Individuals
with Hearing Impairments
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Intellectual development for people with a
hearing impairment is more a function of
language development than cognitive ability
Speech and language is the area of
development most affected
Social development depends on the use of
communication skills
Educational achievement typically 3-4 years
below grade level
Watch this video to experience simulated hearing
loss.
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Assessment of Individuals
with Hearing Impairments
Cognitive assessment requires the use of non-verbal
assessment measures
Speech assessment
 Articulation, pitch, loudness, quality, rate
Personal/social/behavioral assessment
 Social adjustment, self-image, emotional
adjustment
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Instructional Interventions
Methods of communication
 Sign language
 Oral
 Cued speech
 Total communication
 Fingerspelling
Audiologist
Interpreter
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Services for Young Children
with Hearing Impairments
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Importance of early identification
Early intervention services
Family support
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Transition and Individuals
with Hearing Impairments
Transition planning includes:
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Family support
Higher education
Employment
Personal, social, community
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Services for Adults
with Hearing Impairments
State Commission or Office on Deafness
 Advocacy, information sharing, agency
referrals, interpreting services,
employment assistance
State vocational rehabilitation services
 Employment services
National Association for the Deaf
 Political advocacy, information sharing
Self-Help for Hard of Hearing People (SHHH)
 Advocacy, information, assistance
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Family Issues
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Most children with hearing impairments have
hearing parents
Acceptance of the disability
Family relationships
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Issues of Diversity
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47% of all students in programs for the deaf and
hearing impaired are from culturally diverse groups
Research is needed to address the needs of students
with hearing impairments who come from non-English
speaking families
People who identify with the Deaf culture are proud of
their heritage including their language, history, values,
and literature
o The term Deaf (with a capital D) refers to individuals
who identify with the Deaf culture
o The term deaf (lowercase d) refers to the physical
condition
o Deaf culture considers American Sign Language (ASL)
to be the natural language of the Deaf culture and
urges recognition of ASL as the primary language
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choice with English considered a second language
Technology and Individuals
with Hearing Impairments
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Hearing aids
Auditory training devices
Computers
Alerting devices
Captioning
Telecommunication devices
Cochlear implants
Watch this video to learn about Cochlear Implants
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Trends, Issues, and Controversies
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Appropriate educational methods
Move from child-centered to family-centered
approach
Early intervention programs
Interpreter services
Deaf culture
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