Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - White Plains Public Schools

Senses II
Science of Taste
Article
• Read the article “A Natural
History of the Senses” and
complete questions:
• Responses and Analysis #1 and #2
• Personal Experience Application
#1 only
VISION
Vision
• Rods- photoreceptors in the retina
that help to see in the dark
• Cones- photoreceptors in the retina
responsible for seeing color
• Lens- structure that focuses light in
the eye
• Iris- colored part of the eye
Vision
• Optic Nerve- part of the eye that
carries information from the eye
towards the brain
• Retina- Layer at the back of the eye
that contains rods and cones;
converts light energy to neural
responses
• Brightness- how intense a color is
Vision
• Dark Adaptation- gradual improvement
of the eyes’ sensitivity to the dark
• Complementary Colors- colors opposite
each other on the color wheel
• Trichromatic Theory- there are 3 types
of color receptors that produce the
primary color sensations of red, green
and blue
Color Blindness
• Color Blindness- the inability to see
certain wavelengths of colors
• Most common form is when you
cannot distinguish reds and greens
• Most frequent in males
HEARING
Hearing
• Auditory Nerve- nerve that carries
impulses from cochlea to the brain
• Cochlea- primary organ of hearing;
fluid filled coiled tube located in the
inner ear
• Basilar Membrane- stimulates hair
cells that produce the neural effects
of auditory stimulation
Hearing
• Eardrum- thin membrane that takes
sound wave’s vibrations from outer ear
to middle ear
• Middle Ear Bones- hammer, anvil, stirrup
• Pitch- sound quality of high and low
tones
• Loudness- physical intensity of a sound;
determined by amplitude
Deafness
• Conduction Deafness- problem in
conduction of air vibrations to
the cochlea
• Nerve Deafness- a defect in nerve
impulses or in the auditory nerve
Place Theory
• Theory that different frequency
tones produce maximum
activation at different locations
along the basilar membrane, with
the result that pitch can be coded
by the place at which activation
occurs
SMELL
&
TASTE
Smell & Taste
• Smell consists of 75% of taste 
they conspire and work together
• Olfactory Bulb- center where
odor sensory receptors send their
signals; located below the frontal
lobe
Smell & Taste
• Pheromones- chemical released by
an organism to communicate to
other member species; often sexual
signals
Smell & Taste
• 5 Tastes:
Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Saline (Salt), Umami
• Papillae- located on the tongue;
contains clusters of taste buds
PAIN
&
TOUCH
Pain & Touch
• Functions of skin:
1. Protect against
surface injury
2. Hold in body fluids
3. Help regulate body
temp
4. Sense pressure,
warmth, cold
Pain & Touch
• Cutaneous Senses- skin senses that
register sensations of pain
• Vestibular Sense- sense that tells
how one’s own body is oriented in
the world with respect to gravity
Pain & Touch
• Kinesthetic Sense
- provides constant sensory
feedback about what the body is
doing during motor activities
- concerned with bodily position
and movements of the body parts
in relation to one another
Pain & Touch
• Nociceptive Pain- pain induced by
something in the environment
• Neuropathic Pain- caused by
abnormal functioning or over
activity of nerves
Pain & Touch
• Phantom Limb Phenomenon- approx.
10% of those who have limbs
amputated report feeling pain in the
limb that no longer exists
• Gate Control Theory- proposes that
certain cells in the spinal cord act as
gates to interrupt and block some pain
signals while sending others on to the
brain