Transcript Special Senses

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Special Senses
(Vision, Hearing,
Taste, and Smell)
The Vertebrate Visual System
Taste and Olfaction
Hearing and Equilibrium
Development of Special Senses
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > The Vertebrate Visual System
The Vertebrate Visual System
• Anatomy of the Eye
• Transduction of Light
• Visual Processing
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > The Vertebrate Visual System
Anatomy of the Eye
• The cornea and the lens bend light to focus the image on the retina; the iris and
pupil regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
• The aqueous humour maintains the convex shape of the cornea; the vitreous
humour supports the lens and maintains the shape of the entire eye.
• Presbyopia occurs because the image focuses behind the retina; it is similar to
hyperopia (farsightedness), which is caused by an eyeball that is too short.
• Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when an eyeball is elongated; images in the
distance appear blurry, but images nearby are clear.
• Rods are used for peripheral and nighttime vision; cones are used for daytime
Retina
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and color vision.
• The fovea is is responsible for acute vision because it has a high density of
cones.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > The Vertebrate Visual System
Transduction of Light
• When light hits the photoreceptor, the retinal changes shape, which activates the
photopigment rhodoposin.
• Primates have full color vision because of the three-cone (trichromatic) system;
color is a result of the ratio of activity of the three types of cones.
• There are three types of cones with different photopsins: S cones respond to
short waves; M cones respond to medium waves; L cones respond to light to long
waves.
• If light is not present, neurons are inhibited by rods and cones; once light is
introduced, rods and cones are hyperpolarized, which activates the neurons.
• Activated neurons stimulate ganglion cells, which send action potentials via the
Hyperpolarized visual receptors
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optic nerve.
• Horizontal cells can create lateral inhibition, which enhances light and dark
contrast in images.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > The Vertebrate Visual System
Visual Processing
• The magnocellular pathway carries information about form, movement, depth, and
differences in brightness; the parvocellular pathway carries information on color
and fine detail.
• The optic chiasma allows us to coordinate information between both eyes and is
produced by crossing optical information across the brain.
• Visual signals move from the visual cortex to either the parietal lobe or the
temporal lobe.
• Some signals move to the thalamus, which sends the visual signals to the primary
cortex.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC)
• Visual signals can also travel from the retina to the superior colliculus, where eye
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movements are coordinated with auditory information.
• Visual signals can move from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),
the body's internal clock, which is involved in sleep/wake patterns and annual
cycles.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Taste and Olfaction
Taste and Olfaction
• Tastes and Odors
• Reception and Transduction
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Taste and Olfaction
Tastes and Odors
• Humans can taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami; umami is the savoriness
of certain foods that are commonly high in protein.
• Odors come from molecules in the air that stimulate receptors in the nose; if an
organism does not have a receptor for that particular odor molecule, for that
organism, the odor has no smell.
• The senses of smell and taste are directly related because they both use the
same types of receptors.
• If one's sense of smell is not functional, then the sense of taste will also not
function because of the relationship of the receptors.
Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Taste and Olfaction
Reception and Transduction
• Odorants are received by receptors in the nose, which send signals to the
olfactory bulb of the brain to create an appropriate response; humans have about
12 million receptors.
• Taste results when molecules are dissolved in fluid and reach the gustatory
receptors on the tongue; the signals are sent to the brain to determine which
flavor (bitter, sour, sweet, salty, umami) is being consumed.
• Taste buds are found on the tongue and contain clusters of gustatory receptors
on bumps called papillae; fungiform papillae each contain one to eight taste buds;
they also have receptors for pressure and temperature.
• The ability to smell and taste declines with age.
Human olfactory system
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Hearing and Equilibrium
Hearing and Equilibrium
• Sound
• The Vestibular System
• Reception of Sound
• Transduction of Sound
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Hearing and Equilibrium
Sound
• Sound waves are mechanical pressure waves that must travel through a medium
and cannot exist in a vacuum.
• There are four main characteristics of a sound wave: frequency, wavelength,
period, and amplitude.
• Frequency is the number of waves per unit of time and is heard as pitch; highfrequency sounds are high-pitched, and low-frequency sounds are low-pitched.
• Most humans can perceive sounds with frequencies between 30 and 20,000 Hz;
other animals, such as dolphins, can detect sounds at far higher frequencies.
• Amplitude, the dimension of a wave from peak to trough, is heard as volume;
louder sounds have greater amplitudes than those of softer sounds.
Amplitude
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Hearing and Equilibrium
The Vestibular System
• The vestibular system uses hair cells, as does the auditory system, but it excites
them in different ways.
• There are five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear (the vestibular labyrinth):
the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals; the utricle and saccule
respond to acceleration in a straight line, such as gravity.
• The bending of the stereocilia stimulates specific neurons that signal to the brain
that the head is tilted, allowing the maintenance of balance.
• The fluid-filled semicircular canals are tubular loops set at oblique angle, arranged
in three spatial planes; the base of each canal contains a cluster of hair cells that
Vestibular labrynth
monitor angular acceleration and deceleration from rotation.
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• Neuronal projections to the temporal cortex account for feelings of dizziness;
projections to autonomic nervous system areas in the brainstem account for
motion sickness; and projections to the primary somatosensory cortex monitor
subjective measurements of the external world and self-movement.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Hearing and Equilibrium
Reception of Sound
• The human ear can be divided into three, fairly-distinct components: the outer ear,
the middle ear, and the inner ear.
• Sound waves are collected by the pinna, travel through the auditory canal, and
cause vibration of the tympanum (ear drum).
• The three ossicles of the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) transfer energy
from the vibrating ear drum to the inner ear.
• The incus connects the malleus to the stapes, which allows vibrations to reach the
inner ear.
Human ear
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Hearing and Equilibrium
Transduction of Sound
• The human ear can have three distinct components: the outer ear, which is
responsible for gathering sound energy and funneling it to the eardrum; the
middle ear, which acts as a mechanical transformer; and the inner ear, where the
auditory receptors are located.
• The outer ear consists of the visible part of the ear (or pinna), the external
auditory canal (meatus), and the tympanic membrane (tympanum) or eardrum.
• The human pinna is formed primarily of cartilage and is attached to the head by
muscles and ligaments; the deep central portion of the pinna is called the concha,
which leads into the external auditory canal.
• The middle ear cavity is air-filled while the inner ear is fluid-filled; if sound waves
Diagram of the ear
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were to impinge directly on the oval window, the membrane would barely move.
• The inner ear includes the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea,
which contains receptors for transduction of the mechanical wave into an
electrical signal.
• The inner hair cells are most important for conveying auditory information to the
brain.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Development of Special Senses
Development of Special Senses
• Taste and Smell at Birth and in Old Age
• Development of Vision
• Development of Hearing and Balance
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Development of Special Senses
Taste and Smell at Birth and in Old Age
• Newborns are born with odor and taste preferences acquired in the womb from
the smell and taste of amniotic fluid, in turn influenced by what the mother eats.
• A significant change takes place in the regulation of olfaction just after birth so
that odors related with the offspring are no longer aversive, allowing the female to
positively respond to her babies.
• Anosmia is a lack of functioning olfaction; an inability to perceive odors.
• Ageusia is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to
detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami (meaning
"pleasant/savory taste").
Olfactory System
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Development of Special Senses
Development of Vision
• Organogenesis of the eye is pointed out as an example of a developmental
cascade of inductions.
• Development of the optic vesicles starts in the three week embryo from a
progressively deepening groove in the neural plate called the optic sulcus.
• The optic vesicles come into contact with the epithelum and induce the epidermis
which will thicken to form the lens placode.
• The periocular mesenchyme migrates in during the formation of the optic cup and
is critical for the induction of the retinal pigment epithelium and the optic nerve.
Chick embryo head with optic vesicle
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell) > Development of Special Senses
Development of Hearing and Balance
• The human inner ear develops during week four of embryonic development from
the auditory placode, a thickening of the ectoderm that gives rise to the bipolar
neurons of the cochlear and vestibular ganglions.
• The auditory vesicle will give rise to the utricluar and saccular components of the
membranous labyrinth.
• Beginning in the fifth week of development, the auditory vesicle also gives rise to
the cochlear duct, which contains the spiral organ of Corti and the endolymph that
accumulates in the membranous labyrinth.
• In our vestibular system, neurons are undeveloped at neuronal birth and mature
during the critical period of the first two to three postnatal weeks.
Formation of the Mammalian Ear
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• Many studies have supported a correlation between the type of auditory stimuli
present in the early postnatal environment and the development on the
topographical and structural development of the auditory system.
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Appendix
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Key terms
• amplitude measure of a wave from its highest point to its lowest point; heard as volume
• anosmia Inability to smell; the inability to perceive odors.
• cochlea the complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses
• cone cell located near the center of the retina that is weakly photosensitive and is responsible for color vision in relatively bright
light
• frequency characterized as a periodic vibration that is audible; property of sound that most determines pitch and is measured in
hertz
• incus small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear; connects the malleus to the stapes
• inner ear The portion of the ear located within the temporal bone that includes the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. It
is responsible for hearing and balance.
• lens placode The lens placode is a thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens.
• malleus small hammer-shaped bone of the middle ear
• odorant any substance that has a distinctive smell, especially one added to something (such as household gas) for safety
purposes
• olfactory concerning the sense of smell
• olfactory bulb The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• optic chiasma found at the base of the brain and coordinates information from both eyes
• optic cup During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and
invaginated, and the bulb is thus converted into a cup, the optic cup (or ophthalmic cup), consisting of two strata of cells. These
two strata are continuous with each other at the cup margin, which ultimately overlaps the front of the lens and reaches as far
forward as the future aperture of the pupil.
• optic sulcus A progressively deepening groove in the neural plate from which the optic vesicles will develop.
• organ of Corti The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear found only in mammals that contains auditory
sensory cells, or "hair cells. "
• ossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear
• papilla a nipple-like anatomical structure
• pinna the visible, cartilaginous part of the ear that resides outside of the head and collects sound waves
• receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control
certain functions
• retina the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain
• rhodopsin a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinal
• rod a rod-shaped cell located in the outer retina of the eye that is extremely sensitive to light
• stapes small stirrup-shaped bone of the middle ear
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• stereocilium any of many nonmotile cellular structures resembling long microvilli; those of the inner ear are responsible for
auditory transduction
• superior colliculus the primary area of the brain where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory information
• suprachiasmatic nucleus cluster of cells that is considered to be the body's internal clock, which controls our circadian (daylong) cycle
• tastant any substance that stimulates the sense of taste
• taste bud Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the
tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis, which are called papillae.
• tonic activity when photoreceptors become slightly active even when not stimulated by light
• transduce to convert energy from one form to another
• tympanum innermost part of the outer ear; the eardrum
• ultrasound sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 Hz
• umami one of the five basic tastes, the savory taste of foods such as seaweed, cured fish, aged cheeses and meats
• vestibular system The vestibular system, which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation,
is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of balance.
• vestibular system the sensory system in mammals that contributes to movement, sense of balance, and spatial orientation
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• vestibulocochlear of or pertaining to the vestibular and cochlear nerves
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors
Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent
evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Taste Receptors in Humans
Structure of the taste bud
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Chick embryo head with optic vesicle
The eyes make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube. After the closure of the tube they are known as the optic
vesicles.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Hyperpolarized visual receptors
When light strikes rhodopsin, the G-protein transducin is activated, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to
GMP, thereby closing sodium channels. As a result, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate
to the bipolar cell.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Amplitude
For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to pitch. The amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume. The sound wave shown with a dashed line is
softer in volume than the sound wave shown with a solid line.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Rhodopsin
(a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin and retinal. When light strikes the retinal, it changes
shape from (b) a cis to a trans form. The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Human ear
Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones
called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Vestibular labrynth
The structure of the vestibular labyrinth is made up of five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular
canals.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Transduction
In the human ear, sound waves cause the stapes to press against the oval window. Vibrations travel up the fluid-filled interior of the cochlea. The basilar
membrane that lines the cochlea gets continuously thinner toward the apex of the cochlea.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map)
Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent
evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Taste buds
(a) Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. (b) Foliate papillae are prominent protrusions on this light
micrograph.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Retina
(a) The human eye is shown in cross section. The human eye contains structures, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and fovea, that process light so it can
be deciphered by the retina. Other structures like the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor help maintain the shape of the eye. (b) A blowup shows the
layers of the retina. The retina contains photoreceptive cells. In the retina, light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
The inner ear
The inner ear can be divided into three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea, all of which are located in the temporal bone.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Diagram of the ear
The ear can be broken up into three distinct sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. Each section has its own complex functions that
aid in transmission of sound via nerve impulses to our brains for processing.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Rods and cones
Rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods respond in low light and can detect only shades of gray. Cones respond in intense light and are
responsible for color vision.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC)
The presence of light and darkness influences circadian rhythms and related physiology and behavior through the SCN.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Olfactory System
Human olfactory system. 1: Olfactory bulb 2: Mitral cells 3: Bone 4: Nasal epithelium 5: Glomerulus (olfaction) 6: Olfactory receptor cells
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
The Optic Stalk and Optic Cup
During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and invaginated, and the bulb is thus
converted into a cup, the optic cup.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Human olfactory system
In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the
olfactory bulb.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Formation of the Mammalian Ear
The cochlea and vestibule viewed from above.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Rod and cone cells
Human rod cells and the different types of cone cells each have an optimal wavelength. However, there is considerable overlap in the wavelengths of
light detected.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Why is it easier to see at night using peripheral vision rather than
acute vision?
A) cones are denser in the outer edges of the retina
B) rods are denser in the fovea of the retina
C) cones are denser in the fovea of the retina
D) rods are denser in the outer edges of the retina
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Why is it easier to see at night using peripheral vision rather than
acute vision?
A) cones are denser in the outer edges of the retina
B) rods are denser in the fovea of the retina
C) cones are denser in the fovea of the retina
D) rods are denser in the outer edges of the retina
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following about the human eye is true?
A) the fovea is responsible for peripheral vision
B) rods detect color, while cones detect shades of gray
C) the iris regulates how much light enters the eye
D) the retina is a muscular ring lying between the lens and cornea
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following about the human eye is true?
A) the fovea is responsible for peripheral vision
B) rods detect color, while cones detect shades of gray
C) the iris regulates how much light enters the eye
D) the retina is a muscular ring lying between the lens and cornea
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is true about the trichromatic system?
A) It involves two types of cones.
B) S cones respond maximally to waves at 530 nm.
C) Different cones still have the same photopsins.
D) M cones respond maximally to waves at 530 nm.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is true about the trichromatic system?
A) It involves two types of cones.
B) S cones respond maximally to waves at 530 nm.
C) Different cones still have the same photopsins.
D) M cones respond maximally to waves at 530 nm.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
How is visual information processed in the retina?
A) Light hyperpolarizes rods and cones.
B) Photoreceptors become inactived by the presence of light.
C) Light depolarizes rods and cones.
D) Ganglion cells are inhibited by rods and cons.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
How is visual information processed in the retina?
A) Light hyperpolarizes rods and cones.
B) Photoreceptors become inactived by the presence of light.
C) Light depolarizes rods and cones.
D) Ganglion cells are inhibited by rods and cons.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following events must take place for transduction of
light to occur?
A) The retinal changes shape from trans to cis.
B) The opsin changes shape from trans to cis.
C) The retinal changes shape from cis to trans.
D) The opsin changes shape from cis to trans.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following events must take place for transduction of
light to occur?
A) The retinal changes shape from trans to cis.
B) The opsin changes shape from trans to cis.
C) The retinal changes shape from cis to trans.
D) The opsin changes shape from cis to trans.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is true about visual processing?
A) Axons carry visual signals from the optic nerve to the brain.
B) Visual signals always travel through the visual cortex.
C) All visual signals carry parvocellular information.
D) Visual signals all follow one pathway that leads to the midbrain.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is true about visual processing?
A) Axons carry visual signals from the optic nerve to the brain.
B) Visual signals always travel through the visual cortex.
C) All visual signals carry parvocellular information.
D) Visual signals all follow one pathway that leads to the midbrain.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Why are the senses of taste and smell related to each other?
A) both senses use the same type of receptors
B) both senses are connected to the same portion of the brain
C) both senses arise from within the same organs
D) both senses cause molecules to be released from a substance's
surface
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Why are the senses of taste and smell related to each other?
A) both senses use the same type of receptors
B) both senses are connected to the same portion of the brain
C) both senses arise from within the same organs
D) both senses cause molecules to be released from a substance's
surface
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of these describes how a sour taste would be detected?
A) an acid molecule attaches itself to a thermoreceptor and causes an
increase in H+ ions
B) a tastant attaches to a G-protein receptor and causes a depolarization
of the membrane
C) sodium ions enter the receptor and excite it from the inside
D) molecules in the air stimulate receptors in the nose, which then send
the signal to the taste buds
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of these describes how a sour taste would be detected?
A) an acid molecule attaches itself to a thermoreceptor and causes an
increase in H+ ions
B) a tastant attaches to a G-protein receptor and causes a depolarization
of the membrane
C) sodium ions enter the receptor and excite it from the inside
D) molecules in the air stimulate receptors in the nose, which then send
the signal to the taste buds
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Frequency is heard as ___ , while amplitude is heard as ____.
A) volume; pitch
B) loudnes; quickness
C) soft; loud
D) pitch; volume
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Frequency is heard as ___ , while amplitude is heard as ____.
A) volume; pitch
B) loudnes; quickness
C) soft; loud
D) pitch; volume
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is part of the inner ear to help maintain an
animal's balance?
A) all of these
B) the utricle
C) auditory transponder
D) cochlear nerve
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following is part of the inner ear to help maintain an
animal's balance?
A) all of these
B) the utricle
C) auditory transponder
D) cochlear nerve
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the vestibular organs are most responsive to
gravitational changes?
A) semicircle canals
B) only the utricle
C) utricle and saccule
D) utricle, saccule, and the semicircle canals
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the vestibular organs are most responsive to
gravitational changes?
A) semicircle canals
B) only the utricle
C) utricle and saccule
D) utricle, saccule, and the semicircle canals
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following explains how animals sense sound?
A) The outer ear gathers sound energy, the middle ear transforms it, and
the inner ear processes electrical signals.
B) The incus gathers sound energy, the malleus transforms it, and the
stapes processes electrical signals.
C) The outer ear gathers sound energy, the eardrum transforms it, and
the inner ear processes electrical signals.
D) The eardrum gathers sound energy, the outer ear transforms it, and
the ossicles process electrical signals.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following explains how animals sense sound?
A) The outer ear gathers sound energy, the middle ear transforms it, and
the inner ear processes electrical signals.
B) The incus gathers sound energy, the malleus transforms it, and the
stapes processes electrical signals.
C) The outer ear gathers sound energy, the eardrum transforms it, and
the inner ear processes electrical signals.
D) The eardrum gathers sound energy, the outer ear transforms it, and
the ossicles process electrical signals.
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Auditory hair cells are indirectly anchored to the _____.
A) oval window
B) basilar membrane
C) tectorial membrane
D) ossicles
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Auditory hair cells are indirectly anchored to the _____.
A) oval window
B) basilar membrane
C) tectorial membrane
D) ossicles
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
The middle ear acts as a _____ .
A) funnel for sounds
B) mechanical transformer for sounds
C) auditory receptor for sounds
D) frequency reader for sounds
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
The middle ear acts as a _____ .
A) funnel for sounds
B) mechanical transformer for sounds
C) auditory receptor for sounds
D) frequency reader for sounds
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following statements about tasting and smelling at
birth and in old age is FALSE?
A) Newborns are born with odor and taste preferences acquired in the
womb
B) Olfactory learning only occurs in the infant and not within the mother
C) Ageusia, the loss of taste functions of the tongue, is associated aging
D) Anosmia, a lack of functioning olfaction, is associated with old age
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following statements about tasting and smelling at
birth and in old age is FALSE?
A) Newborns are born with odor and taste preferences acquired in the
womb
B) Olfactory learning only occurs in the infant and not within the mother
C) Ageusia, the loss of taste functions of the tongue, is associated aging
D) Anosmia, a lack of functioning olfaction, is associated with old age
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following IS NOT one of the three tissues from which
the eyes develop?
A) Neural tube
B) Epidermis
C) optoderm
D) Periocular mesenchyme
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following IS NOT one of the three tissues from which
the eyes develop?
A) Neural tube
B) Epidermis
C) optoderm
D) Periocular mesenchyme
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following statement(s) regarding the development of
hearing and balance is/are true?
A) The inner ear starts to develop during embryonic week four
B) Critical periods exist for hearing and the vestibular system
C) All of the statements regarding hearing and balance are true
D) At embryonic week five the cochlear duct begins to develop
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Which of the following statement(s) regarding the development of
hearing and balance is/are true?
A) The inner ear starts to develop during embryonic week four
B) Critical periods exist for hearing and the vestibular system
C) All of the statements regarding hearing and balance are true
D) At embryonic week five the cochlear duct begins to develop
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Olfactory memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory
• Wikipedia. "Olfactory memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory
• Wikipedia. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• Wikipedia. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• Wikipedia. "Loss of taste." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_taste
• Wikipedia. "Loss of smell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_smell
• Wiktionary. "anosmia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anosmia
• Wikipedia. "Taste bud." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_bud
• Wikipedia. "taste bud." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/taste%20bud
• Wikipedia. "olfactory bulb." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/olfactory%20bulb
• Wikipedia. "Olfactory memory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory
• Wikipedia. "Inner ear." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear#Embryology
• Wikipedia. "Critical period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period#Vestibular_System
• Wikipedia. "organ of Corti." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organ%20of%20Corti
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/vestibular-system
• Wiktionary. "inner ear." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inner+ear
• Wikipedia. "Critical period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period#Vestibular_System
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• Wikipedia. "Eye development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_development
• Wikipedia. "optic cup." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optic%20cup
• Wikipedia. "optic sulcus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optic%20sulcus
• Wikipedia. "lens placode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lens%20placode
• Wiktionary. "receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor
• Wiktionary. "olfactory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olfactory
• Wiktionary. "umami." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/umami
• Wikispaces. "VirtualGardnerAnatPhys - Smell Fall 2011." CC BY-SA
https://virtualgardneranatphys.wikispaces.com/Smell+Fall+2011
• Connexions. "Taste and Smell." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Connexions. "Taste and Smell." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44764/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "odorant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/odorant
• Wiktionary. "tastant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tastant
• Wiktionary. "papilla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla
• Connexions. "Hearing and Vestibular Sensation." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/ultrasound
• Wiktionary. "amplitude." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amplitude
• Wiktionary. "frequency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frequency
• Connexions. "Hearing and Vestibular Sensation." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tympanum
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• Wiktionary. "pinna." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinna
• Wiktionary. "stapes." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stapes
• Wiktionary. "incus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incus
• Wiktionary. "malleus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malleus
• The Open University. CC BY-SA http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=415635
• Connexions. "Hearing and Vestibular Sensation." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• The Open University. CC BY-SA http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=415635
• Wiktionary. "cochlea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cochlea
• Wiktionary. "ossicle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ossicle
• Wiktionary. "transduce." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduce
• The Open University. CC BY-SA http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=415637
• Connexions. "Hearing and Vestibular Sensation." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44760/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/vestibular-system
• Wiktionary. "vestibulocochlear." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vestibulocochlear
• Wiktionary. "stereocilium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereocilium
• Wikibooks. "Ophthalmology/Anatomy of the Eye." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ophthalmology/Anatomy_of_the_Eye
• Connexions. "Vision." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "cone." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cone
• Wiktionary. "rod." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rod
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Special Senses (Vision, Hearing, Taste, and Smell)
• Wiktionary. "retina." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retina
• Connexions. "Vision." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Wiktionary. "transduction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transduction
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/tonic-activity
• Wiktionary. "rhodopsin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhodopsin
• Connexions. "Vision." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44761/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/optic-chiasma
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/suprachiasmatic-nucleus
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/superior-colliculus
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